Term
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Definition
| the ability to store and use info; also, the store of what has been learned and remembered, not necessarily conscious |
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Term
| three-stage model of memory |
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Definition
| classification of memories based on duration as sensory, short-term, and long-term memories |
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Definition
| the part of memory that holds info in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about a half a second or less |
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Definition
| the part of memory that temporarily (2-30 secs) stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten |
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Definition
| the part of memory that has the capacity to store a vast amount of info for as little as 30 secs & as long as a lifetime |
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Definition
| tha part of memory required to attend to solve a problem at hand; often used interchangeably with short-term memory |
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Definition
| the process of breaking down a list of to-be-remembered items into a smaller set of meaningful units |
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Definition
| the process of repeatedly practicing material so that it enters into long-term memory |
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Definition
| the tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position in a line |
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Term
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Definition
| kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness |
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Definition
| kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skills we ahve learned |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events; also known as declarative memory |
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Term
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Definition
| form of memory that recalls facts and general knowledge; such as what we learn in school |
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Definition
| form of memory that recalls the experiences we have had |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new info; the first stage of long-term memory formation |
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Term
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Definition
| encoding of info that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task |
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Definition
| encoding of info that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that the more deeply people encode info, the better they will recall it |
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Definition
| a method devised to help remember information, such as a rhyme or acronym |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; the second stage of long-term memory formation |
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Definition
| the retention of memory over time; third stage of long-term memory formation |
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Definition
| a way of organizing related pieces of info from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general |
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Definition
| mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events |
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Definition
| the recovery of info stored in memory; fourth stage of long-term memory formation |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a permanent change in the receiving neuron, the excitatory neuron, or both |
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Definition
| disruption of memory because other info competes with the info we are trying to recall |
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Definition
| disruption of memory because new experiences or info cause people to forget previously learned experiences or info |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of memory because previously learned info interferes with the learning of new info |
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Term
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Definition
| weakness or loss of memories over time |
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Term
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Definition
| most common type of forgetfulness due to the fleeting nature of some memories |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphic depiction of how recall steadily declines over time |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of forgetfulness that results from inattention |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to retrieve some information once it is stored |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of blocking in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that a memory came from one source when in fact, it came from another |
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Term
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Definition
| selective recall of past events to fit our current beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeated recall of pleasant or unpleasant experiences even when we actively try to forget them |
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Definition
| problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source |
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Definition
| memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something |
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Definition
| a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time; it is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an injury or the onset of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| an inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of the disease or injury |
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Definition
| enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which two pieces of info from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in our minds |
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Term
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Definition
| from of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| form of associate learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| the automatic, inborn response to a stimulus |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| the environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (UC) |
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Definition
| a perviously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS |
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Term
| conditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of the association UCS and CS ton include a broad array of similar stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction of a CR (such as salivation) to the exact CS to which it was conditioned |
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Term
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Definition
| the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response, which occurs when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that the consequnces of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior would be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental stimulus that increases the frequency of a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| innate, unlearned reiforcers that satisfy biological needs (such as food, water, or sex) |
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Term
| secondary (or conditioned) reinforcers |
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Definition
| reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior. ex-buckling your seatbelt to stop the buzzer in a car |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus, presented after a behavior, which decreases the frequency of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the addition of a stimulus that may decrease behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals; includes a food dispenser and a response lever to trigger food delivery |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs |
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Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforcement of a behavior, but not after every response |
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Term
| schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| patterns of reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement |
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Term
| fixed ratio (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| patter of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses |
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Term
| variable ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
| a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses or reinforcement changes |
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Term
| fixed interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed |
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Term
| variable interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different durations of time |
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Term
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Definition
| learned behavior that shifts towards instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies |
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Term
| biological constraint model |
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Definition
| view on learning proposing that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs |
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Term
| conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| the learned avoidance of a particular taste of food |
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Definition
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Definition
| learning by watching the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of another |
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Term
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Definition
| the imitation of behaviors performed by others |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of animal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of operant conditioning principles to change behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a communication system specific to homo sapiens; it is open and symbolic, has rules of grammar, and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| the rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language |
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Term
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Definition
| very rudimentary language, also known as pre-language |
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Term
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Definition
| the first sounds humans make other than crying, consisting almost exclusively of vowels; occurs during first 6 mos of life |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds made as a result of infant's experimentation with a complex range of phonemes, which include consonants as well as vowels; starts around 5-6 mos |
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Term
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Definition
| single words, such as "mama", "dada", "more", or "no". occurs around 12 mos |
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Term
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Definition
| praces children put together such as "my ball", "mo wawa", or "go way"; starts around 18 mos |
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Term
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Definition
| stage when children begin speaking fully grammatical sentences; usually age 2.5-3 |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in adult speech patterns-apparently universal-when speaking to young children or infants; characterized by higher pitch, changes in voice volume, use of simpler sentances, emphasis of the here and now, and use of emotion to communicate their messages |
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Term
| nativist view of language |
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Definition
| the idea that we discover language rather than learn it, that language development is inborn |
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Term
| language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language, proposed by Naom Chomsky as part of his nativist view of language |
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Term
| linguistic determinism hypothesis |
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Definition
| the proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world; the view taken by Sapir and Whorf |
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Term
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Definition
| mental processes involved in acquiring, processing and storing knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure in our mind-such as an idea or image-that stands for something else, such as the external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present |
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Term
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Definition
| visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present |
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Definition
| process of imagining an object turning in 3D space |
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Definition
| a mental grouping of objects, events, or people |
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Definition
| arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific |
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Definition
| a concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common |
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Definition
| the best-fitting examples of a category |
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Definition
| the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions |
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Definition
| reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence |
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Definition
| judgments about causation of one thing by another |
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Definition
| the tendency to selectively attend to information that supporst one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs |
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Definition
| process by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas |
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Definition
| process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories |
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Definition
| process that includes the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| mental shortcuts; methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgments |
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Term
| representativeness heuristics |
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Definition
| a strategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event |
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Term
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Definition
| a device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| expressions unique to a particular language; usually their meaning cannot be determined by decoding the individual meanings of the words |
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