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95%
4 out of 5 adults listen |
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| Listen between 6am and midnight |
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| Stations that webcast on the internet |
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| 1887, Wireless Breakthrough - Whiz Kid :) |
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| 1890s (Wireless), Figured out how to get signals to go a distance (1st person), American Marconi Radio (great way to communicate for armed forces) |
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| Audion, 1907 (Mass Manufacture) -- called himself father of radio |
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| Radio for the People, One of the radio operators who heard the distress calls of the TItanic, on of the Earliest people that predicted that radio will be important |
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| Licensing, Limited Frequencies |
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| DAVID SARNOFF...He's BACK! |
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| General Manager of RCA, 1921 |
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| Nation's first commercial radio station, one hour each night |
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1923, Intellectual property rights -- Disney, ASCAP -- American Society of COmposers, Authors and Publishers
Blanket licensing of music broadcast over radio (one fee covers all year) |
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| Four Pioneers with advancing early radio broadcasting in America |
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| Guglielmo Marconi, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, Lee de Forest and David Sarnoff |
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| Radio Act of 1927, Federal Radio Commission (FRC), Federal Communication COmmission, 1934 (EVERYTHING WIRELESS), Granted frequency licesnses |
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Other than home or auto(includes listening at work -- 25% (attractive market)
In the car(includes satellite radio listening -- 22% (increasing)
At home -- 53% (decreasing) |
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Orson Welles, Mercury Theater (Led people to believe we were really under attack)
October 30, 1939
Radio Broadcast
People thought it was really happening
Challenged Radio's Credibility |
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| Willing Suspension of Disbelief |
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| not going to look fat how accurately a movie is portrayed |
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NBC, 1926
Red and Blue Networks
Created Content but he also created the devices to receive it: Radio, phonographs, TVs |
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CBS, Columbia Broadcasting System, 1929
**Prime competitors in broadcasting
25 stations |
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becomes ABC 1943, Edward J. Noble
$8 million dollar sale |
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| less government control, they can have a certain percentage |
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| Owned and Operate a series of television station...Chicago, L.A., New York |
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(Committed suicide) Look what Sarnoff Does!
Sarnoff used Armstrong's invention refused to pay Armstrong... |
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| Quality (Line of Sight - only goes maybe 50-70 miles in sight, Came on the Stereo earlier) |
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| Vocal Range (Talk Shows, News SHows) |
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Music producers pay DJs to get music on the air
**still a prblem today |
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Music producers pay DJs to get music on the air
**This is changing now with data-mining, Itunes, Pandora radio, Internet is going to change this because it is now easier for artists to have their own sites |
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| How many Radio stations currently? |
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| Company owns stations in more than one market |
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| Company owns AM and FM stations in the same market |
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| direct digital transmission --takes much less space than analog, should be excellent quality, more channels in less space. |
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| Difference between a podcast and streaming media |
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| Difference between a podcast--self-contained can listen to it whenever on any device (NPR does a lot of podcasts) and streaming media--have to be connected to the internet to listen to it, live media broadcast |
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| Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 |
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| Created the corporation for public broadcasting, Nation Public Radio, 1970 NPR |
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| Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
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| Deregulation, Removed ownership limits, allowed CROSS OWNERSHIP, prompted consolidation |
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| How long and what you listened to on the radio, only company doing radio ratings |
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| Average number of people listening for five minutes in any given fifteen minutes |
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| Estimate of the unduplicated audience |
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| Estimate of the percentage of the total populations listening to a particular radio station. Whether the devise is on or off, THE OLYMPICS, SUPERBOWL, Obama and McCain speeches (two of the highest rated shows in the US) all of the people that have TVs in the United States |
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| Estimate of the percentage of the people listening to radio that are listening to a particular. (Dont on the group that has the device on) |
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| Difference between ratings and share |
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Targeted Audience
18-25 -- Most Disposable Income more likely to persuade |
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| Direct broadcast satellite radio -- SIRIUS and XM have joined -- ONE PROVIDER RIGHT NOW) |
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| 2005 "Promotions Package" |
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| Wright prediction -- Satellite radio see advertising supported on radio within the next two years, cheaper if you have ads. |
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| Average viewing per household |
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| 8 hours per day (starting to change because of DVR, Internet and Itunes |
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| Decline in literacy, Rise in crime, Trivialization of politics |
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| Window to the world, sense of unity in time of crisis |
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| 1600 TV stations, 75% commercial (Exist to make a profit) 25% non-commercial |
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| Programming exists to connect the largest possible number of people to advertising (NO MATTER HOW BIG THE TV SHOW IS, IF THE ADVERTISEMENTS DON'T CONNECT TO THE AUDIENCE THAN IT WON'T SURVIVE) |
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| $2 million for 30 seconds on the Super Bowl |
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| Cathode Ray Tube (TVs thicker than 3 inches, vacuum tube, being replaced today) |
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| Red Green Blue forms in light all the colors that we see***** |
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525 lines of pixels scanned every 30th of a second, double in HD
INTERLACED, overly complex process, switch to digital TV...progressive scanning |
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| cause the world to develop multiple TV systems, none of which were compatible with each other |
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| US developed NTSC, Asia developed a system, Europe developed a system...angry after WWI |
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TVs commercial debut
Franklin D. Roosevelt first president "on" TV |
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| first networks in TV WILLIAM PALEY AND DAVID SARNOFF |
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Made transition to TV
One of the Pioneers of radio that made the transition to TV
Took on issues of the day, took on Joseph McCartney |
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| TV jumped from 19% to 41% audience in what year? |
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| NBC (another pioneer like Murrow) "Goodnight Chet" |
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| Quiz Shows, Variety Shows, Situation Comedies, Drama, Westerns, Detective Stories, Movies, Soap Operas, Talk Shows |
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| Lucy was the 1st person that made sure maintained programming when it was repeated |
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7pm--11pm
Not in the Midwest, prime time usually ends at 10
Most viewers available, advertising revenue |
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| Many Imitations, Programming produced by the advertising sponsors themselves |
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Played on Twenty-One
Won $129,000
Admitted he was fed the answers
Ended Advertiser controlled programming |
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| Percentage of the total number of household watching a particular television station (includes all TVs even if TV is off) |
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| Percentage of households television that are WATCHING a particular television station (only TVs that are on) |
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Sweeps month February, May, July and November
Broadcasts showcase the best programs |
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| Specific information on age, occupation and income of audience |
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| when most Tvs are on in the US |
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CALLED TV PROGRAMMING A "VAST WASTELAND"
TALKED TO THE HEADS OF THE TV INDUSTRY, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS...THE LIONS DEN
encouraged responsibility
broadcasters are public trustees
The Television Age |
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| National Education Television |
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| Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 |
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corporation for public broadcasting - CPB
Public Broadcast Service
Sesame Street
Masterpiece Theater
LESS THAN 3%
Federal funds and Corporate donors
decline in funding |
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1st trans-Atlantic satellite TV broadcast
July 10, 1962 |
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appears to stay in the same position
22,000 miles
Appears to hover over the same spot
30,000 phone calls, 3 TV channels
Satellite is expensive, most internet traffic travels on the fiber optic channels on the seabed in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean |
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1st TV president
1960 Nixon-Kennedy Debates
Assassination coverage
Appearance became important in the debates
Cuban Missile Crisis -- Soviets helped Cubans build missiles |
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Watergate
Hearings and resignation |
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The Great Communicator
C-Span -- provided by the cable
Iran-Contra |
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| World Trade Center and Pentagon, 2001 |
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First war broadcast live, 2003
"Embedded" reporters |
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| Network owned and operated, very few |
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(biggest group of stations)
want the network to have very strong programming
Network programming, but not network owned |
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Superstation by getting it on satellite\
About 1/3 of commercial television stations
Mostly UHF
Old movies, reruns, syndicated programming |
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nobody else can have Oprah in that market
Independently produced programming |
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| networks are spending lots of moeny to keep viewers |
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| people watched more TV in 1975 than now |
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| spending tremendous amount of moeny on the cup |
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| Losing audience with news |
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| sports have huge audience |
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| 1972 (HUGE CHANGE) first to provide satellite distribution for cable systems |
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athletes get paid more bcause the rights on television for sports broadcasts sky rocketed
1964 CBS paid $28 million for NFL rights
1990 cost of $3.6 billion
-even higher today
TV funds much of professional sports(trying to appeal to more people)
Expansion to cable (ESPN and others) |
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HUGE MARKET
Univision draws more viewers than all English language networks
telenovelas |
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| draws more viewers than all English language networks |
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Digital Video Recorders (DVRs)
Set-top box
Time-shifting
Total viewer control |
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| Merging telephone and cable (fiber optics) |
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| New York Associated Press |
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| 1848 Became the Associated Press (AP) |
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1884 For profit news service, competed with AP
Became UNited Press Intertnational (UPI) |
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| The Civil War and Censorship of the news |
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Government accreditation (certified, recognized)
Press passes |
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captured the Civil War, 1st photojournalist
1st national news photographer
3500 war photos |
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Fierce competition
New York alone has 10 daily newspapers
Penny Papers
Grisly crime, illicit sex and large graphic photos |
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The London Blitz, 1940
painting pictures with words
covered important evends from 1921--1947
Radio Station news departments
Maintained until format radio era
Formed the foundation for Television News |
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| So many alternative outlets other than the internet |
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| not as valuable as they used to be |
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Presidential Debates
Inauguration
Cuban missile crisis
Assassination, 1963 |
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Chicago Democratic Convention, 1968
Candid War Coverage |
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1973 Burglary
Nixon's resignation |
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| turned an electronic signal into a visual image |
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| Rivalry between David Sarnoff (RCA) and William S. Paley (CBS) |
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| central to the early history of television |
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