Term
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Definition
Higher order, cortical, conscious
Participants utilize developed strategies to
perform
(misnomer- actually memory) |
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Term
| Ways of demonstrating Verbal Learning |
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Definition
• Recall
• Paired Associate Learning
• Recognition |
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Term
|
Definition
Ebbinghaus initiated the quantitative study
of memory
Tested his own ability to memorize
syllables in lists
Used nonsense syllables (bif, rud, dob)
Remember the item & the position of the
item |
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Term
| Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting |
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Definition
A memory principle with wide application to many types of serial recall
tasks (LTM)
Nonsense syllables
Object locations
Personal memories |
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Term
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Definition
• Factual memory
• Skill retention
• Infant memory
• Spatial memory |
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Term
|
Definition
Fig. 6.2
Applies to Free Recall Tasks
Primacy effect
Recency effect |
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Term
| Explaining the Serial Position Curve |
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Definition
Due to learning processes (input)
Due to retrieval processes (output) |
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Term
| Hypotheses about Learning Processes |
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Definition
Anchoring Hypothesis
Interference Hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
Anchors index a particular memory or chain of
memories
Example: Memories anchored by time
Holidays, school year, seasons
Hypothesis
Initial and final items serve as anchors that
attach the list to the context/environment
Middle items associate with each other |
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Term
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Definition
Learning some items can interfere with others.
Proactive interference
Early memory storage disrupts later memory
storage
Retroactive interference
Latest memory storage disrupts earlier
memory storage
Consequence
Middle items suffer from |
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Term
Hypotheses about Serial Position Effects:
Retrieval Processes |
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Definition
Rehearsal Hypothesis
Organization Hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
Rehearsal patterns differ, depending on the
position in the list.
The first items have less competition during
rehearsal
Middle and final items have more competition,
memory resources are divided among items, so
recall suffers
Older children have stronger primacy effects
because they rehearse the initial items more often. |
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Term
|
Definition
The number of words recalled increases
dramatically if the words can be organized
Categorization supports memory in several
ways:
Directs memory search
Influences sequence of items recalled
Reduces memory load |
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Term
|
Definition
• Associative Clustering
• Black, fast, stop, white, slow, go
• Categorical Clustering
• 15 words / 3 categories of 5
words
One Way of Improving Memory |
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Term
| Stages of PAL (Paired Associative Learning) |
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Definition
Discrimination
Response Learning
Stimulus Response Association
Cognitive Elaboration
One Way of Improving Memory |
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Term
|
Definition
• Figure 6.6
• Definitions
• Recall more difficult than recognition |
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Term
|
Definition
Awareness of recall vs. not
Better students have contextualized
memories (Conway et al., 1997) |
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Term
|
Definition
Learning that occurs without awareness
or the intention to learn, and often
cannot be verbalized.
Example: Familiarity effect
Sentences that have been heard before
are more credible than new sentences. |
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