Term
| What is the structure that covers the plasma membrane and is not found in animal cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the lysosomal digestion of intracellular organic material called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are found in Archaeabacteria? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the microscope focuses light on a specimen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm of the cell called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pre-programmed cell death called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the long hollow tubes found in cilia and flagella called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microtubules composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are found in normal humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are intermediate filaments composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the solid rods that provide cell support called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microfilaments composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of microscope can see images magnified 300,000X or greater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the organelle that synthesizes ATP and contains its own DNA? (found in eukaryotes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the organelle that contains DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the small openings in the nucleus, where material is transported, called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What process uses homogenation and centrifugation to isolate different parts of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chlorophyll containing sites of photosynthesis called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sites for protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the region of the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the acid organelles in cells, that are involved in intracellular digestion, called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do you call the minimum distance between two points that can still be distinguished? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ to volume ratios limit the size of cells. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The minimum distance between two points that can still be distinguished as two separate points. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The ratio of an object's image to its real size. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The lense that is closest to the thing you want to see. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The lense closest to your eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the limit of magnification of a light scope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the limit of magnification of a light scope 1000X? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the limit of resolution of a light scope? |
|
Definition
0.2 micro meters
μM
One millionth of a meter
10-6 |
|
|
Term
| What is the limit of magnification of an electron microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the limit of magnification of an electron microscope 1,000,000X? |
|
Definition
The magnification of an electron microscope is 1,000 times better than light microscopes.
1,000 (light) x 1,000-fold increase = 1,000,000X |
|
|
Term
| What is the limit of resolution of an electron microscope? |
|
Definition
0.2 nano meters
nM
One billionth of a meter
10-9 |
|
|
Term
| Which scope would you use to see the internal substructures of cells? |
|
Definition
| Transmission Electron Microsope (TEM) |
|
|
Term
| Which scope would you use to see the surface structure of cells? |
|
Definition
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
|
|
Term
| Material that has been homogenized or obtained through homogenization. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The liquid lying above a solid residue after centrifugation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gradually pour (liquid) from one container into another, especially without disturbing the sediment. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A small, rounded, compressed mass of a substance. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cells found only in bacteria and archaeabacteria. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cell that has no true nucleus (lacks nuclear envelope). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell whose DNA is located in nucleoid. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of cell that has no membrane bound organelles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of cell that is found only in Protista, Fungae, Plantae, and Animalia. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cell that contains a true nucleus (with nuclear envelope) containing DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of cell that contains membrane bound organelles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the code for insulin vary between humans and bacteria? |
|
Definition
| No, it is an universal code. |
|
|
Term
| Do antibiotics work against Prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
Yes, because they have cell walls.
If humans had cell walls, we would not want to take antibiotics because they would attack our own cell walls. |
|
|
Term
| What are internal membranes made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What limits the size of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do cells have internal membranes? |
|
Definition
- Partition the cell into compartments
- Provide necessary localized environments
- Sequester reactions
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the nucleus. |
|
Definition
The nucleus consists of a nuclear membrane, chromatins and a nucleolus, it also contains among other things, chromosomes.
Membrane bound organelle containing DNA
Double membrane
Nuclear lamina: stablizes shape
Nuclear pores: regulate molecular trafficing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA and proteins (histones) which make up chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What are chromosomes made of? |
|
Definition
| Long segments of chromatin |
|
|
Term
| How are scientists planning on cloning a Wolly Mammoth? |
|
Definition
| Fertilizing the egg of an Elephant and replacing its DNA with that of a Wolly Mammoth. |
|
|
Term
| What problem might scientists run into when trying to clone a Wolly Mammoth from a fertilized Elephant egg? |
|
Definition
| The Wolly Mammoth and Elephant do not have the same amount of chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the area of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and assembled with proteins from the cytoplasm called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Nucleus? |
|
Definition
Store DNA (genes)
Often referred to as the 'brain' of the cell.
Nucleus functions control all other activities that are carried on within the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of Ribosomes. |
|
Definition
| Tiny spherical structures that are made of RNA and protein enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| Sites for protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. |
|
Definition
Network of tubes, sacs (cisternae) that separate its internal lumen (cisternal space) fromt he cytosol.
Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Lined with Ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
|
Definition
-Manufactures secretory proteins
-Makes membranes for use in other organelles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. |
|
Definition
Network of tubes, sacs (cisternae) that separate its internal lumen (cisternal space) fromt he cytosol.
Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Lacking Ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
|
Definition
-Synthesis of Lipids, Phospholipids, and Steroids
-Carbohydrate metabolism
-Detoxificaation of drugs, poisons
-Stores Calcium ions used for muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Descibe the structure of the Golgi Apparatus. |
|
Definition
| Made of stacked, flattened sacs (cisternae). |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Manufacture, store, sort, and ship products from the ER. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of Lysosomes. |
|
Definition
| Membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Lysosomes? |
|
Definition
Digest external organic matter via phagocytosis.
Autophagy: Digestion of the cells own organic matter (recycling). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of Mitochondria. |
|
Definition
| Also referred to as the 'Powerhouse' of the cell. Mitochondria is made up of a double layered membrane, the inner part of which consists of folds, called cristae. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Mitochondria? |
|
Definition
Sites of cellular respiration.
Responsible for the breakdown of sugar molecules to release ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is used to transport energy within the cell for metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlorophyll containing sites of photosynthesis.
Only found in Plants and Algae. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure/function of Stroma. |
|
Definition
| Contain DNA, Ribosomes, and Ezymes. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure/function of Thylakoids. |
|
Definition
| Flattened sacks stacked into grana. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure/function of Grana. |
|
Definition
Stacked Thylakoids.
Critical for converting light into chemical energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the endomembrane system? |
|
Definition
Nuclear Envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.
Storage bins to the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a vacuole? |
|
Definition
Store food and water.
May also store waste material before its transported outside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Which organelles contain their own DNA? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria and Chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| What is the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.
Organizes structures and activities of the cell.
Gives support. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cytoskeletons? |
|
Definition
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of Ribosome is suspended in the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of Ribosome is attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum manufacture secretory proteins? |
|
Definition
1. Ribosomes synthesize proteins
2. The polypeptides are inserted across the cisternae into the cisternal space
3. Protein folds into its currect structure
4. Proteins are often modified with carbohydrates to form glycoproteins
5. Packaged in vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the Golgi Apparatus is Cis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which side of the Golgi Apparatus is Trans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of enzymes that Lysosomes use to digest macromolecules? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrases
Proteases
Lipases
Nucleases |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of Microfilaments? |
|
Definition
Solid rods made from G-actin linked into chains. Two actin chains are wound into a helix. |
|
|
Term
| What are the function of Microfilaments? |
|
Definition
1. Support
2. Muscle contraction
3. Localized contraction
-pinching of cells into two during division
-Amoeboid movement
-Cytoplasmic streaming |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of Microtubules? |
|
Definition
Straight hollow polymer fibers made from alpha and beta tubulin. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Microtubules? |
|
Definition
1. Support
2. Tracks for Organelle movement
3. Separation of chromosomes during cell division
4. Cilia/Flagella movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of Intermediate Filaments? |
|
Definition
| Constructed from keratin molecules (more permanent than the other two cytoskeletal components). |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Intermediate Filaments? |
|
Definition
1. Bearing Tension (Cytoskeletal frame)
2. Reinforce cell shape (Nerve axons)
3. Fix organelle positions (Nucleus)
4. Form the nuclear lamina |
|
|
Term
What are Cilia?
Give an example of Cilia. |
|
Definition
-Used for movement or to draw fluid across stationary cells
-Occur in large numbers (thousands)
-Shorter in length than flagellum
-Works like an oar, alternating power with a recovery stroke
Example: windpipe, sponge |
|
|
Term
What are Flagella?
Give an example of Flagella. |
|
Definition
-Used for movement
-Occur in small numbers (one or two per cell)
-Longer in length than Cilia
-Undulating motion that creates force in the same direction as the axis of the flagellum (like a tiny motor)
Example: sperm |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a cell wall? |
|
Definition
| Constructed of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of cell walls? |
|
Definition
1. Protection
2. Rigidity
3. Prevent excess H2O uptake |
|
|
Term
| Which organisms have cell walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Channels connecting cytoplasms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the extracellular matrix? |
|
Definition
The ECM is a meshwork of macromolecules outside of cells (fills spaces between cells).
Constructed mainly of glycoproteins. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the extracellular matrix? |
|
Definition
1. Support
2. Cushioning
3. Communication |
|
|
Term
| An animal secretory cell and a photosynthetic leaf cell are similar in all of the following ways except |
|
Definition
They both have a Golgi apparatus
They both have a cell membrane
They both have chloroplasts.
They both have mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments are well known for their role in which of the following? |
|
Definition
Ameboid movement
Contracting of muscle cells
Formation of cleavage furrows
A, B, and C.
A and B only |
|
|
Term
| Of the following, what do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? |
|
Definition
DNA is present
ATP is produced
Ribosomes are present
Only B and C are correct
A, B, and C are correct. |
|
|
Term
| A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from |
|
Definition
a bacterium
an animal, but not a plant
a plant or an animal.
any kind of organism
a plant, but not an animal |
|
|
Term
| A biologist ground up some plant cells and then centrifuged the mixture. She obtained some organelles from the sediment in the test tube. The organelles took up CO2 and gave off O2. The organelles are most likely |
|
Definition
nuclei
mitochondria
golgi apparatuses
ribosomes
chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a known function of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
to assist in cell motility by interacting with specialized motor proteins
to maintain a critical limit on cell size.
to hold mitochondria and other organells in place within the cytosol
to maintain characteristic shape of the cell
to provide mechanical support to the cell |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is capable of converting light energy to chemical energy? |
|
Definition
leucoplasts
mitochondria
golgi bodies
peroxisomes
chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
| In lab, what was the test we used for the presence of amyloplasts? |
|
Definition
methylene blue
DCPIP
succinate
iodine.
none of these |
|
|
Term
| Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? |
|
Definition
lipids
starches
proteins.
steroids
glucose |
|
|
Term
| In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization? |
|
Definition
peroxisome
lysosome.
chloroplast
central vacuole
glyoxysome |
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|
