Term
| Superclass Gnathostomata Synapomorphy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - Gill arches formed jaws |
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Term
Gill Arches Comprised of 5 Elements
(5) |
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Definition
- Pharyngobranchial
- Epibranchial: Jaws
- Ceratobranchial: Jaws
- Hypobranchial
- Basibranchial |
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Term
First Gill Arch Becomes...
(2) |
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Definition
- Mandibular arch
- Becomes jaws |
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Term
Second Gill Arch Becomes...
(2) |
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Definition
- Hyoid arch
- Supports jaws |
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Term
Gill Arches 3-7 Becomes...
(2) |
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Definition
- For respiration
- Gill arches are serially repeating structures |
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Term
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Definition
- Completely extinct
- Sister group to all other gnathostomes
- Characterized by heavily armored head w/ "neck joint" to lift head up and lower jaw to to capture prey
- Monophyletic |
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Term
Class Chondrichthyes Classifications
(3) |
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Definition
- Subclass Elasmobranchii (Sharks)
- Superorder Rajimorpii (Skates and Rays)
- Subclass Euchondrocephali (Ratfishes) |
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Term
Class Chondrichthyes Synapomorphies
(6) |
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Definition
- Cartilage skeleton, prismatic calcification
- Ceratotrichia
- Precerebral fenestra
- Placoid scales
- Retain urea and TMAO
- Pelvic claspers in males |
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Term
Prismatic Calcification
(2) |
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Definition
- Surface of skeleton calcified tissue of cartilage
- Class Chondrichthyes synapomorphy |
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Term
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Definition
- Cartilage rays support the fins
- Class Chondrichthyes synapomorphy |
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Term
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Definition
- Has a root and blood supply
- Like little teeth
- Dentine like surface
- All different shapes and sizes
- Help streamline bodies
- Class Chondrichthyes synapomorphy |
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Term
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Definition
- Trimethylamine oxide
- Helps with osmoregulation
- Helps keep body hypertonic
- Class Chondrichthyes synapomorphy |
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Term
Synapomorphies of Subclass Euchondrocephali
(3) |
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Definition
- In Class Chondrichthyes
- Palatoquadrate (upper jaw) fused to neurocranium (origin is epihyal)
- Gill cover over gill openings
- Hyoid arch does not support jaws, modified to support operculum |
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Term
Superorder Paraselachii
(2) |
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Definition
- In Class Chondrichthyes, Subclass Euchondrocephali
- Extinct orders related to Superorder Holocephali |
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Term
Superorder Holocephalimorpha
(5) |
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Definition
- In Class Chondrichthyes, Subclass Euchondrocephali
- AKA Holochephali
- Cochliodont fossils
- Extant chimaeroid fishes (Order Chimaeriformes)
- Living fossils |
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Term
Superorder Holocephalimorpha Synapomorphies
(3) |
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Definition
- Upper jaw fused to skull (holostyly)
- Gill arches nested below skull
- Tooth plates |
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Term
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Definition
- Class Chrondrichthyes, Subclass Euchondrocephali, Superorder Holocephali
- Ratfish or chimaeras
- Entirely marine, mostly deep sea
- Most common species: Spotted Ratfish |
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Term
Order Chimaeriformes Synapomorphies
(2) |
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Definition
- Single gill opening on each side
- Open lateral line canals |
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Term
Order Chimaeriformes Characteristics
(4) |
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Definition
- Have smooth skin
- Tooth plates
- Frontal tenaculum
- Pelvis claspers
- Oviparous |
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Term
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Definition
- Use for crushing food
- Only 6 tooth plates |
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Term
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Definition
- All males have this
- Full of placoid
- All shapes and sizes
- Don't develop until adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
- Stiff when sexually mature
- Prepelvic tenacula in pouches to grip female while copulating
- Have placoid scales on claspers to aide in staying in female while copulating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Family Callorhinchidae
(4) |
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Definition
- Class Chrondrichthyes, Subclass Euchondrocephali, Superorder Holocephali, Order Chimaeriformes
- Elephant fishes
- Southern hemisphere only
- Nearshore to ~ 100-200 m |
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Term
Family Rhinochimaeridae
(4) |
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Definition
- Class Chrondrichthyes, Subclass Euchondrocephali, Superorder Holocephali, Order Chimaeriformes
- Spook fishes or longnose chimaeras
- Deep water
- Global distribution |
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Term
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Definition
- Class Chrondrichthyes, Subclass Euchondrocephali, Superorder Holocephali, Order Chimaeriformes
- Bluntnose chimaeras, ghost sharks
- Global distribution
- Nearshore to ~2,000+ m
- Egg capsules are laid in pairs and usually well camouflaged on sea floor |
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Term
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Definition
- 60% of fauna is sharks
- 3.4% sharks today
- Fossil record is mostly teeth
- Megalodon only known from teeth
- Helicoprion: Whorl Tooth Shark
- Edestus: Scissor Tooth Shark
- Stethacanthids: Bizarre sharks |
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Term
Subclass Elasmobranchii
(2) |
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Definition
- In Class Chondrichthyes
- Two main divisions (Galeomorphii and Squalea: includes Batoids) |
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Term
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Definition
- In Class Chondrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii
- Order Heterodontiformes: Horn Sharks
- Order Orectolobiformes
- Family Orectobidae: Nurse Shark
- Family Rhincodontidae: Whale Shark
- Order Lamniformes: White Shark, Mako, Thresher
- Order Carcharhiniformes: Smooth Dogfish |
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Term
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Definition
- In Class Chondrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii
- Order Squaliformes: Spiny Dogfish
- Order Squatiniformes: Angel Sharks
- Order Pristiophoriformes: Sawsharks (w/barbels)
- Superorder Rajimorphii (Batoidea)
- Order Pristiformes: Sawfish (w/o barbels)
- Order Torpediniformes: Electric Rays
- Order Myliobatiformes: All rays
- Order Rajiformes: Skates |
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Term
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Definition
Rays
- Sting w/ toxins on tail
- Smooth, few or smooth placoid denticles
- More swimming, in open water
- Small pelvic fins (flapping fins)
- Mostly warm water, tropical
Skates
- Don’t sting
- Spiky placoid denticles
- “walk” on bottom
- Elaborate pelvic fins
- Mostly cool waters, temperate |
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Term
Lateral Line Canal System
(3) |
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Definition
- Basic sensory cell is Hair Cell
- Neuromast
- Mechanoreceptor |
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Term
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Definition
- Sensory organ
- Clump of hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
- Electroreceptive organs in chondrichthyes
- Sensory cell is the Ampullary Organ
- Also have microampullae (short canals)
- Works like copper insulated wire
- Works like metal detector |
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Term
Bioluminescence and Fluorescence in Sharks
(3) |
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Definition
- Have bioluminescent organs to blend into the environment
- Bioluminescence means to produce light
- Sharks are also fluorescent |
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