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| An event or stimulus that an organism escapes or avoids. |
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| An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history |
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| Conditioned Aversive Stimuli |
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Definition
| An aversive stimulus based on a history of conditioning. S(ave) |
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| As a procedure, punishment involves following an operant with a punisher. Usually, the operant is maintained by positive reinforcement so that punishment is super imposed on a baseline of positive reinforcement. Punishment also refers to a decrease in operant behavior when followed by a punishment or when reinforcement is withdrawn contingent on responding. |
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| A stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it. |
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| A procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of de4creasing the rate of response. |
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| A positive punishment procedure that uses "restitution" to reduce or eliminate destructive or aggressive behavior. Overcorrection may also involve positive practice, requiring the violator to intensively practice an overly correct form of the action. |
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| A contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response. The negative punishment procedure requires that behavior is maintained by positive reinforcement and the reinforcer is removed if a specified response occurs. The probability of response is reduced by the procedure. |
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| Negative reinforcement of behavior that terminates, prevents, or postpones the avoidance contingencies of work or life. |
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Definition
| A negative punishment procedure in which the wrong doer loses access to positive reinforcement for a specified period of time for engaging in the undesirable behavior. |
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| A negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers are removed contingent on behavior, and the behavior decreases. |
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| The Premack principle states that a lower frequency operant will punish a higher frequency behavior. |
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| This concerns the arguments and evidence for and against the use of punishment to control self-injurious and aggressive behavior in positive behavioral support programs. |
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| This refers to a debate as to whether punishment by itself, without additional procedures such as extinction or reinforcement of alternative behavior, can permanently eliminate undesirable behavior. |
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| Paradoxical Effects of Punishment |
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Definition
| This refers to the evidence that response-produced shock resembles some of the effects of positive reinforcement (FI). However, the shocks do not actually function as positive reinforcement. |
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Definition
| A contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed (or presented) by some response (operant) and the rate of response increases. |
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Definition
| When operant behavior increases by removing an ongoing event or stimulus. |
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Definition
| When the operant increases by preventing the onset of the event or stimulus. |
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Definition
| Any event or stimulus that increases the probability (rate of occurrence) of an operant that removes or prevents it. |
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Term
| Shock - Shock Interval (S-S) |
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Definition
| The scheduled time between shocks using an avoidance procedure. It is the time from one shock to the next if the avoidance response doesn't occur. |
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Term
| Response - Shock Interval (R-S) |
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Definition
| On an avoidance schedule, the time from a response that postpones shock to the onset of the aversive stimulus, assuming that another response does not occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Avoidance behavior that is emitted to a warning stimulus. |
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Term
| Non- Discriminated avoidance (Sidman) |
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Definition
| A procedure used to train avoidance responding in which no warning stimulus is presented |
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Definition
| Molecular accounts of behavior on schedules of reinforcement or punishment focus on small moment-to-moment relationships between behavior and its consequences. |
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Definition
| Molar accounts of behavior on schedules of reinforcement or punishment are concerned with large-scale factors that regulate responding over a long period of time. |
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Definition
| This involves exposing an animal to inescapable and sever aversive stimulation ( shocks). Eventually the animal gives up and stops attempting to avoid or escape the situation. Next, an escape response that under ordinary circumstances would be acquired easily is made available, but the animal does not make the response. The organism seems to give up and become helpless when presented with inescapable aversive stimulation. |
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Definition
| Aggression elicited by the presentation of an aversive stimulus or ever. Reflexive aggression is elicited by an aversive unconditioned stimulus such as a shock in the presence of another member of the species, and in humans it may involve conditioned aversive stimuli such as the verbal stimulus "you idiot." |
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Definition
| Aggressive behavior that is reinforced (increased) by the removal of an aversive event arranged by another member of the species. |
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Definition
| The extent to which experimental findings generalize to the other behaviors, settings, reinforcers, and populations - that is, whether the cause-and-effct relationship found in an experiment occurs at different times and places, when the original conditions are in effect |
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Definition
| A negative side-effect of punishment in which the person who delivers punishment and the context become conditioned aversive stimuli. Individuals will attempt to escape from or avoid the punishing person or setting. |
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| "Use of punishment and the threat of punishment to get others to act as we would like, and to our practice of rewarding people just by letting them escape from our punishment and threats." Coercion involves the basic contingencies of punishment and negative reinforcement. |
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