Cells are fundamental units of life

All organisms are composed of cells

All cells come from preexisting cells

• DNA- Single circle in nucleoid region
• Size- 1-10
• Organization- single celled, most have peptiodoglycan cellwalls
• Metabolism- May not need Oxygen
• Organelles- Don't have
• Examples- Bacteria, archea

• DNA- Linear strands within membrane bound nucleus
• Size- 10-100
• Organization- Often multicellular some have cell walls but no peptidoglycan
• Metabolism- need oxygen to exist
• Organelles- Have them
• Examples- Plants, animals, protists, fungi

• Rough ER- ribosomes attached makes polypeptides to be secreted from cell
• Smooth ER- no ribosomes, contains enzymes, lipids, carb

• Associated with ER
• Recieves products from ER
• Modified/processed-gycolysltron
• Secreted in vesicles
• Reciveing (Cis Face)
• Shipping (Trans Face)

• Intracellular Digestion
• Only found in animal cells
• Hydrolyze macromolecules
• Bacteria, food, foreign debris, worn-out organelles

• Plant Cells- large central vacuole help cell maintain shape
• involved in turger, storage, ect.
• can take up 90% of the volume of cell
• Helps maintain pressure allowing plants to grow
• sometimes hold toxins for self defense

Food Vacuoles

contractile vacuoles, helps keep cells from bursting due to osmosis

• Need oxygen
• energy releasing organelles
• maternally inherited
• cellular respiration
• convert nutrients into energy ATP
• circular DNA molecule
• bacterial origin-symbiont
• 2 layers of membrane- smooth outer membrane, folded inner membrane
• Have own ribosomes

• Appear in plants and some protists
• Photosynthesis
• Convert energy from sunlight to chemical bond energy
• circular DNA molecule
• Bacterial origin symbiont
• filled with liquid called stroma

• Plasma Membrane
• Nucleus
• ER
• Golgi Body
• Vesicles
•  Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Cytoskeleton-protein fibers that keep cell structure and movement

• Lysosomes
• Flagella
• Centrioles-microtubule, organizing structure

• Cell Wall
• Chloroplasts
• Central Vaculole
• Plasmodesmata-small holes in cell membrane

• Internal support of a cell
• Help cell movement
• 3 types- Microtubulule, Intermediate filament, microfilament

• Wall gets thicker as cell gets older
• Made of cellulose
• Hold against cell membrane
• Plasmodesmata-small holes conect cytoplasm of 2 cells to allow for communication between cells

• Cell Junctions allow for communication
• Tight Junction-press against cell membranes to keep leak proof
• Anchoring Junction-intermediate filaments of desmosome
• Gap Junction-little channel linking cytoplasm form cell to cell

• Around all kinds of cells
• vesicles for transport of substances in/out of cells=Endo/Exoytosis
• Membrane bound organelles

• Control the movement of substances into and out of cell
• To keep cell's content together and sperate from other cells
• To allow communication between cells-membranes connect to each other and can communicate

• Special type of lipid- 2 fatty acids chains making hydrophobic tail
• chains have no charge and are non-polar/insoluble
• Phosphate group is hydrophilic=has charge
• are amphipathic ( both hydrophobic and phillic

• Lateral Movement- 10 mill per second just switch side to side
• Flip Flop- once per month hydrophilic head must go through hydrophobic region and must break hydrogen bond to move in first place

All proteins with sugar side chains are involved in cell-cell signaling and self recoginition

this is important in the immune system response and recognizing bacterial invasion

high concentration to lower concentration

going down concentration gradient

• Polarity
• charge
• Size
• Hydrophobic substances get through, Hydrophilic ones do not

Water channel

Aquaporin is a large integral protein include 7 transmembrane alpha helixes

• Hydrophilic molecules and ions are transported by transport proteins that span membrane
• Proteins are always open at either end
• Membrane gates- not always open, only one side opens at a time
• Net rate of diffusion from high concentration to low, moving down the concentration gradient
• does not consume energy

• Enzymes couple net solute movement across a membrane to ATP hydrolysis
• An active transport pump may be a uniporter(one direction) or antiporter(2 direction)
• Move against concentration gradient (low to hight)