Term
| Formed by two fatty acids bound to one glycerol (containing a phosphate group). |
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Definition
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Term
| Branched glucose polymer found in animals. Linked by Alpha 1-4 and Alpha 4-6 bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipids composed of four fused carbon rings. |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of base found in nucleotides. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unbranched glucose polymer found in plants. Linked by Alpha 1-4 bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unbranched D-glucose polymer found in plants. Linked by Beta 1-4 bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Type of fatty acid that contains no double carbon bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of reaction that involves the addition of water. Used to break monomers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three fatty acids bound to one glycerol. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of nucleotide whose nitrogenous base is made of a single ring. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common sugar used for energy in cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of bond that links nucleotides together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Building blocks (monomers) of proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Organic molecules made of sugars. |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of sugar found in nucleotides. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of nucleotide whose nitrogenous base is made of a double ring. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chains (polymers) of amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of bond that links sugars together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Linkage formed in fats between the fatty acid tail and glycerol. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of reaction that involves the removal of water. Used to join monomers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large molecules containing repeating sub-units covalently linked together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Formed by one or more polypeptide chains. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four main types of macromolecules? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
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Term
| What type of reactions are used to make or break the polymers? |
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Definition
Condensation reaction (dehydration) is used to make polymers.
Hydrolysis reaction is used to break polymers. |
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Term
| What causes polymers to link during the condensation reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes polymers to split during the hydrolysis reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the four types of polysaccharides. |
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Definition
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin |
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Term
| In what type of organism is starch likely to be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of organism is glycogen likely to be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of organism is cellulose likely to be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of organism is chitin likely to be found? |
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Definition
| In the exoskeletons of arthropods (including insects, spiders, and crustaceans) |
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Term
| How many Carbons are in a triose? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many Carbons are in a pentose? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many Carbons are in a hexose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| Lipids are hydrophobic because their structures are dominated by nonpolar covalent bonds making them insoluble in water. |
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Term
| What are the principal components of a triglyceride? |
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Definition
| 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol |
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Term
| What monomers are contained in starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What monomers are contained in glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What monomers are contained in cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What monomers are contained in chitin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of glycosidic linkages are in starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of glycosidic linkages are in glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of glycosidic linkages are in cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of glycosidic linkages are in chitin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functions of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Serve as fuel and a carbon source |
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Term
| What are some functions of lipids? |
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Definition
1. Long term fuel storage in adipose (fat) cells
2. Cushion for vital organs
3. Insulation against heat loss (whale blubber) |
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Term
| What are some functions of proteins? |
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Definition
1. Structural support (keratin)
2. Storage of AA (albumin)
3. Transport (hemoglobin)
4. Signaling (insulin)
5. Stimuli (receptors)
6. Movement (myosin)
7. Immune (antibody)
8. Enzyme (catalyst) |
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Term
| What are some functions of nucleic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The structure made by phospholipids when they are added to water.
They self-assemble into aggregates with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the center and the hydrophilic heads on the outside. |
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Term
| What is the precursor to all steroids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the principal components of a phospholipid? |
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Definition
| Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group on carbon number 3 |
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Term
| What are the principal components of a steroid? |
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Definition
| Skeleton carbon consisting of four carbon rings with varying functional groups |
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Term
| Describe characteristics of saturated fats. |
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Definition
-No double bonds
-Maximum number of hydrogens
-Solid at room temp
-Mostly animal fats
-Straight chains |
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Term
| Describe characteristics of unsaturated fats. |
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Definition
-One+ double bonds between carbons
-Liquid at room temp
-Mostly plant fats
-Tail "kinked" at double bond |
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Term
| In what organism are saturated fats likely to be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what organism are unsaturated fats likely to be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are saturated or unsaturated fats liquid at room temp? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the four main types of macromolecules. |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
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Term
| Why is protein conformation important? |
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Definition
| The shape that the protein folds into determines the function of the protein |
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Term
| What are the four levels of protein conformation? |
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Definition
-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quarternary |
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Term
| What are primary structures? |
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Definition
Linear sequence of Amino Acids
Determined by genes (DNA sequence) |
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Term
| What are secondary structures? |
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Definition
Formed by regular intervals of hydrogen bonds along backbone
Coiling/Folding
2 structures:
-Alpha Helix (coil)
-Beta Sheet (fold) |
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Term
| What are tertiary structures? |
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Definition
3D shape of the protein
Determined by interactions with R groups:
-hydrogen bonds
-ionic bonds
-hydrophobic interactions
-disulfide bridges |
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Term
| What are quarternary structures? |
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Definition
| Structures formed by two or more polypeptide subunits |
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Term
| Give examples of quarternary structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which protein structure is most dependent on R group interactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which secondary structure has a sheet shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which secondary structure has a coil shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which secondary structure has the most H bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the molecular difference between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
Sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; while sugar in RNA is ribose.
Bases in DNA are AGTC
Bases in RNA are AGUC |
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Term
| Does condensation and hydrolysis reactions occur by themselves or with the help of enzymes? |
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Definition
Condensation requires energy and is aided by enzymes.
Hydrolysis is guided by specific enzymes. |
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Term
| What is the name of the bond formed by condensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the bond formed by hydrolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between ketose and aldose? |
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Definition
If the carbonyl group is in the middle, its a ketose.
If the carbonyl group is at the end, its an aldose. |
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Term
| Give an example of aldose. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of ketose. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the monomers of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many different types of Amino Acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four groups found on each monomer? |
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Definition
Hydrogen
Amino
Carboxyl
"R" group |
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Term
| What is the function of DNA? |
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Definition
- Contains coded information (on genes) that programs all cell activity.
- Not directly involved in the day to day operations of the cell.
- Contains the directions for its own replication.
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Term
| What is the function of RNA? |
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Definition
| Involved in the actual synthesis of proteins encoded in DNA |
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Term
| What are the three types of RNA? |
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Definition
- mRNA - messenger RNA
- tRNA - transfer RNA
- rRNA - ribosomal RNA
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Term
| What is the function of mRNA? |
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Definition
| Carries encoded genetic messages (from DNA) |
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Term
| What is the function of tRNA? |
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Definition
| Transfers the Amino Acids to a forming protein. |
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Term
| What is the function of rRNA? |
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Definition
| Involved in the actual synthesis of proteins (ribosome) |
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Term
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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Definition
DNA is made into mRNA
mRNA is made into Protein |
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Term
| Name the four nucleotides in DNA. |
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Definition
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine |
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Term
| Name the four nucleotides in RNA. |
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Definition
A = Adenine
U = Uracil
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine |
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|
Term
| Which nucleotides pair with each other in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nucleotides pair with each other in RNA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds does each pair form? |
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Definition
2 Hydrogen Bonds A-T
3 Hydrogen Bonds C-G |
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|
Term
| What is the structure (three parts) of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
Carbon Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Bases |
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Term
If a new organism was found that has 68 differences in amino acids in hemoglobin than humans, 55 from gibbon, 60 from mouse, and 8 from frog, which animal would you assume it is most closely related to?
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Definition
| The new organism is most closely related to the frog. |
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Term
| What are the monomers of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monomers of lipids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monomers of Nucleic Acids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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