• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• These molecules typically in the form of polymers

Long chains of similar subunits

due to large size called macromolecules

subunits called monomers

Reverses dehydration reaction

Water is added breaking bonds created by dehydration

• include both sugars and polymers of sugars
• simplest is monosaccharides
• Disaccharide-consists of 2 monosacchaides
• Polysaccharides- macromolecules (polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

• Typically have molecular formula that is some multiple of CH2O
• Most common is glucose

• Monosaccharide
• Carbonyl Group (C=0)
• Hydroxyl Groups (-OH)

• Macromolecules- polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

• Plants store Starch- a polymer of glucose monomers
• Starch is used as stored energy- can retrieve energy by using hydrolysis to break bonds between glucose monomers
• Animals store glycogen- a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched
• mostly stored in liver and muscle cells
• Hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases

• Cellulose- a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
• Cellulose molecules are straight and never branched. Due to this structural difference cellulose is not effected by hydrolysis

• Starch and glycogen v. cellulose
• Both startch and cellulose made from glucose but have different structure
• Starch made of alpha glucose
• Cellulose made of beta glucose
• Humans cannot breakapart bonds of beta glucose therefore we cannot digest cellulose

• Exoskeleton of fungi
• exoskeleton of arthropods
• make surgical threads
• Is a carb

• Lipids are the main non-polar compontent of cells
• mostly Hydrocarbons
• Used primarily as energy storage and cell membranes
• Fat, Phospholibids, steroids
• Lipids are not polymers
• Lipids are hydrophobic

• Fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids
• Glycerol is an alcohol (each of its three carbons has a hydroxyl group)
• Fatty Acid- long carbon skeleton (16-18) the carbon at one end of the skelton is part of a carboxyl group.
• Relativly nonpolar C-H bonds in the hydrocarbon chains are the reason that fats are hydrophobic

• formed by dehydration synthesis
• bond called an Ester linkage- an oxygen atom covalently gonded to 2 carbon atoms and linking together 2 previously distinct molecules

Hydrocarbon chains with all single bonds are called saturated. (solid fats)

Fats with double bonds are called unsaturated (liquid fats)

• Carbs=4 kcal/g
• Protien=4kcal/g
• Fats=9 kcal/g

• Hydrocarbons with the carbon atoms arranged in 4 linked rings
• Cholesterol is essential part of cell membranes (along with phospholipid bilayer)

• Energy Storage
• Cell Membrane
• Can Function as hormone

• Most important type of macromolecule
• Enzymes (catalyze reactions)
• Some play role in defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement or structural support

• Polymers of amino acids

• Organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group
• At center of AA is an asymmetric carbon atom called the alpha carbon-four partners are an amnio group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable group symbolized by R

• A covalent bond formed by dehydration reaction
• creates protiens by bonding amino acids together

Segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the protien's overall shape.

Typically either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

• Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
• Two types, DNA and RNA
• genetic materials of living things
• Nucleotide is composed of monosaccharide sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base

• Pyrimidines-formed by 1 ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)
• Purines- formed by 2 rings (Adenine, Guanine)