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| measured the ability of an object to perform work & move objects |
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| form of mechanical energy; energy in an object (usually stationary) that can be converted into movement; ex. chemical energy |
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| a chemical reaction between bonds of atoms to create molecules; most practical form of energy; two types of chemical reactions - endothermic & exothermic; i.e. chem energy -> thermal energy when burning wood |
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| mechanical energy; energy possessed by a moving object. ex. thermal energy |
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| kinetic energy; the energy created by the movement of molecules within a substance (molecules move when they are ___ed up) |
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| Mechanical Potential Energy |
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| energy stored in objects by tension/position; gravitational energy is included in this; i.e. stretched rubber band or a ball ready to roll down a hill |
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| Created by the motion of electrons; potential energy; can be converted into the kinetic energy of an electrical current; static electricity; ex. stationary water in reservoirs & batteries |
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| British Thermal Unit (BTU) |
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| amt of heat it takes to raise 1 lb H2O's temp by 1F |
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| amt of heat needed to raise 1g H2O 1C (1.8F) |
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| amt of heat needed for 1 kg H2O to increase by 1C (1.8F) |
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| used in combustion engine market (autos, boats, generators); 1 unit = 746 watts |
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| force of 1N applied through 1m displacement; unit of work |
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| measures rate of energy conversion (1J/s); used in kWh (kilowatt-hr) for energy consumption; used to describe how much energy powerplants generate (megawatt-hr) & on home energy bill (kWh) |
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| Used in nuclear power plants to measure thermal energy produced |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy can be changed in form, but never created nor destroyed. Equilibrium. |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Systems move from states of high energy (low entropy) to high entropy (low energy); ex. a food chain loses energy as the trophic level increases as energy is lost to heat & movement |
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| 4 Categories Users of Energy |
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| Industry (production of economic goods & services, 1st largest consumer of __), Transportation(2nd largest consumer, divided into infrastructure, vehicles, & operations), Residential (homes), Commerical (places where goods & services are exchanged for money) |
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| Coal, Oil, Nat'l Gas; nonrenewable; world energy is dependent on them |
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| dirtiest and most abundant of fossil fuels; clean ___ removes the pollutants that have a harmful effect on the environment (removing sulfer dioxide, carbon dioxide, etc); formed in an oxygen-less environent; primarily obtained by underground mining |
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| Sedimentary rock rich in kerogen; more costly than oil w/ more neg. envirom'l impacts; several major deposits in the US |
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| Compound that liquid hydrocarbons are extracted from when heated; req's more processing than crude oil |
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| Tar Sands, Oil Sands, Bitumen |
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| unconventional petroleum deposit; contains nat'ly occurring mixtures of sand, clay, water, and an extremely dense form of petroleum; have to be heated up & req's more processing than crude oil |
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| naturally occurring, complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds found in geological formations; obtained by drilling through Earth's surface into deposits |
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| literally means "oil from the Earth" or "rock oil" |
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| Nat'l Gas & Crude Oil Formation Formation |
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| Organisms die, get covered w/ silt & mud, decaying anaerobically, pressure squeezes out most of the liquid, the dry carbons left behind form carbon chains. Long chains = crude oil; shorter chains = natural gas |
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| recently discovered source of nat'l gas. Found in ice formed at low temps but high pressures ("burning ice"). Comes from decomposing plants & animals trapped in permafrost |
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| Synthetic Fuels (Synfuels) |
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Definition
| liquefied fuels made from nonpetroleum sources (i.e. coal, nat'l gas, biomass feedstocks) through chemical conversion |
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| Nuclear Fission to Power Reaactors |
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| an atom is split into smaller elements w/ by-products, which gives off lots of heat (exothermic rxn). Heat makes water -> steam, which turns turbines to generate electricty |
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| one of the most common nuclear fuels, half-life of 704 million years; waste must be stored "forever" in a secure location |
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| 7 components - Fuel, Moderator, Control rods, coolant, containment, and core. |
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| the amt of time it takes for half of the isotope to decay. to be safe, a radioactive must complete 10 half-lives |
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| Water turns a turbine, which turns the shaft of an electric generator and produce electricity |
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| Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) |
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| established by the US Dept of Energy to reduce US dependence on foreign crude oil and develop tech to increase energy efficiency in the US |
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| US Environmental Protection Agency created ___ in 1992 to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gases emitted by power plants by labeling energy-efficient products; now an intern'l standard for consumer products from US |
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| Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) |
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| enacted in 1975 in response to Arab oil embargo & improving fuel economy on cars and trucks. US has the least strict ____ standards among developed nations. |
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| pollution emissions can be moved from one location to another (i.e. cars) |
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| pollution emissions that stay at one source/one location (i.e. power plants) |
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| Passive Solar-Energy Systems |
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| used to capture electrical energy from the sun; require no input of electrical activity. Sun hits transparent solar cells, causing them to emit electrons and the many cells wired together produce electricity. |
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| Active Solar-Energy Systems |
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| use pumps and fans to move water heated by the sun through buildings, req electricity; used to heat the house & for hot water |
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| uses H and O in a chemical reaction to create energy and water. |
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| any biologically based fuel source - wood, charcoal, manure. Can be grown specifically for energy or re-appropriated. 50% of US energy comes from _____. |
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| use the heat from the Earth to generate electricity. Top 3 producers - US, Philippines, Mexico. |
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