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| What is the only major group with no nervous system? |
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| coordinating all actions of the body. All Kingdoms have one except Porifera. |
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| Cnidarians (jellyfish/hydra) and Ctenophorans (comb jellies) have a very ____________ nervous system. |
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| Describe the nervous system of the Cnidarians and Ctenophorans |
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| No head. Bi-radial symmetry. Have nerve net, which is a mass of nerve cells hooked together. No brain. |
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| Organisms that have undergone ___________ have heads and high concentration of nerve cells.They also have ___________ symmetry. |
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| What kind of nervous system does Platyhelminthes have? |
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| Concerning nervous systems, Annelids and Arthropods have what? |
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Definition
| A ventral nerve chord and a brain. |
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| Describe the nervous system of chordates. |
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Definition
| Brain/dorsal nerve chord. The brain and spinal column makes up the central nervous system. Nerve chords make up the peripheral nervous system. |
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| True/False. Nervous tissue is highly specialized. |
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| Nervous tissue does what? |
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| Conducts impulses from one part of the body to another by neurons. |
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| Nerve cells that conduct impulses throughout the body. |
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| Axon is covered in the ___________ so it can conduct nerve impulses faster. |
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| Myelin sheath. Spinal chord and brain axons usually have these. |
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| Conveys messages from the neuron |
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| normal cell w/ nucleus. Functions in regulation of metabolism of axon. |
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| close association of one neuron w/another neuron. But they do not touch. |
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| place between dendrites and axons of different neurons |
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| (pain/heat/touch). impulse on axon flows out in both directions (through endbrushes of axons and dendrites. |
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| The cell membrane of the neuron is "resting" when: |
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Definition
| It is not conducting impulses |
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| What is on the outside of the neuron cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Positive charges and concentration of Sodium ions. Also some Potassium. Cell membrane is not permeable to Na, but is slightly permeable to K. |
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| What is on the inside of the neuron cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Negative charges; Chloride ions. Little bit of Potassium. |
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| What is the charge of a resting neuron membrane? |
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| What is the minimun amount of milivolts required to reach action potential? |
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| How is the recovery period of impulses set up? |
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| First by K+, then replaced by Na. While the recovery or refractory period is occuring, no new stimulus can be set up. |
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| When a stimulus is too weak to activate a nerve impulse. |
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| When the subthreshold stimulus is applied rapidly enough to reach the threshold. |
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Definition
| A change in permeability of membrane. |
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| What are the different types of neurotransmitters? |
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| Acetylcholine/Cholynestrase/Seratonin/Dopamine/Epinephrine. |
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Definition
| produced/released/stored in synapse. When the impulse stops, the enzyme Cholinesterase will break it down |
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| What are the types of neurons? |
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Definition
| Motor/Sensory/Interneurons or Association Neurons. |
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Definition
| carry impulses from brain and spinal chord to some effector (muscle or gland). |
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| carry impulses from some sensory receptor to the brain or spinal chord. |
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| Interneuron or association neuron: |
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Definition
| carry impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Located in brain and spinal chord. |
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| Cell bodies of neurons. Located in brain or spinal chord; externally located in the cerebrum. |
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| Bundles of axons. Located deep internally. |
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| In spinal chord, gray and white matter are switched. White matter is ________ and gray matter is __________. |
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| Consists of brain and spinal chord. |
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| high concentration of sensory neuron cells. |
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| The central canal is filled with ____________? |
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Definition
| come off of brain without going through spinal chord. Humans have 12 pairs. |
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| 1st Cranial Nerve, Olfactory: |
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Definition
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| 2nd cranial nerve, Optic: |
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Definition
| The eyeball sends impulses interpreted as sight. |
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| 10th cranial nerve, vegas: |
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Definition
| Sensory and motor pathways to all major viscera (heart/lung/intestine) to speed up or slow down the functions of these organs. |
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Definition
| 31 pairs. Nerve pathways to and rom spinal chord. |
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| What are the two systems of the Peripheral system? |
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| both motor and sensory. Voluntary control.(Run/walk) |
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| motor (from brain/spinal chord---> muscles). Involuntary (breathing). |
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| Divisions of Autonomic system: |
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| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Work antagonistically. ex. Sympathetic increases heart rate while parasympathetic slows it down. |
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| Simplest type of nerve circuit. |
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Definition
| Protective membranes around the brain/spinal chord. Have 3 layers: Dura/Pia/Arachnoid. All layers make up cerebral spinal fluid. |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the brain? |
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Definition
| Hind brain, midbrain, and Forebrain. |
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Definition
| consists of medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons |
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| brain stem that contains centers involved in regulation of heart beat/breathing/blood pressure rate (by regulation of diameter of artery openings by contraction of artery). Also contains centers for reflex reactions: coughing, sneezing, winking, secretion of enzymes. |
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| lower portion of skull; coordination and integration of muscular activity. It is voluntary when concerning skeletal muscle coordination. |
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| front of cerebellum between medulla oblongata & midbrain. Aids in regulation of breathing rate. |
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Definition
| small in man; larger in other animals. Functions as a passageway for impulses to move to forebrain. Contains mass of neurons called Reticular Formation- awakening center of consciences. |
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| largest section of brain. Cerebrum- large-learning, memory, intelligence. right & left); each one has four parts= occipital/frontal/parietal/temporal |
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| hearing/smell/some motor activities. |
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| Part of forebrain. egg shaped structure; relay for sensory impulses to cerebrum. All senses except olfactory senses pass thru thalamus. |
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| floor of 3rd ventricle of brain; small/deep into brain.Control cardiovascular activiteis. Contracts/relaxes artery walls. Regulates body temp.Appetite center. Salt/H20 balance. Sex drive. Pleasure cneter. Regulates master pituitary gland. |
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