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| The industrialization of agricultural technologies. |
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| applies to both crops and livestock |
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| people don't get enough of their daily nutrients |
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| people don't get enough calories |
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| recieving too many calories |
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| uses human & animal power and simple tools |
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| agriculture conducted by a family for its own consumption & use; not enough for others |
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| industrialized agriculture or conventional agriculture |
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| large-scale agriculture; for many people to eat; uses fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation, seeds, monoculture, & human power |
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| over-farming and over-grazing caused top-soil erosion + drought + stock market crash |
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| growing of one crop excessively |
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| GMO, rice with vitamin A (missing nutrient in many developing countries) |
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| GMO, frost-resistant strawberries |
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| feeding more people; foods resistant to weather; build crops that use less fertilizer & water |
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| Unknown long-term effects; destructive of native crops; pests & weeds growing resistant to seeds w/ built-in pesticides |
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| preserve many seed types to prevent genetic diversity & safeguarding our food supply |
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| the most efficient watering system; water drips directly onto plants; reduces salinization |
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| salts accumulate on soil surface, which reduces crop productivity |
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| farmland only mildly disturbed when prepared for crops; more crop residue is returned to soil |
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| allows nutrients to be returned to soil and minimizes depletion of certain nutrients |
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| planting alternating crops in a field; reduces impact of a disease or crop-specific insects; reduces nutrient depletion & erosion |
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| tall plants/trees planted along edges to reduce wind .:. soil erosion |
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| plowing rows across a hill, following contour lines; better trap water and reduce erosion |
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| used on steep mountain slopes; minimize erosion and retain water in areas otherwise unsuitable for crop-growing |
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| no chemicals or pesticides are used |
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| increase crop yields; reduce spread of disease (malaria); decrease crop loss |
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| pests develop resistance; kill bugs that pollinate; toxic; expensive |
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| DDT (dicholoro-diphenyltricholoethane) |
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Definition
| used as a pesticide until 1973; banned due to detrimental effects on human nervous systems & wildlife |
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| Integrated Pest Management |
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Definition
| uses knowledge about pest's life cycle & environmental interactions & controls biologically, crop rotation, & chems when nec. |
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| factory farms; CAFOs; fed high energy foods to fatten livestock |
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| domesticated animals raised for profit |
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| monocultural; one species planted & all are harvested at the same time (even-aged); limits habitat for other organisms; can be used to stimulate secondary growth |
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| forms when old-growth is cut down & there's new growth |
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| loss of biodiversity; release of C; erosion; decr. in soil nutrients; desertification |
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| promotes economy; agricultural needs; generates money |
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| taking all trees down in an area and leaving nothing standing; destroys habitat & targets old growth |
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| leave low # of full-grown trees to create shelter for emergent seedlings; cutting done on regular basis w/ select trees taken |
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| only mature/seed-producing trees are left standing, providing seed nec for regrowth |
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| most trees left standing while a few are harvested from an area at a time |
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| established in 1905 to manage and conserve nation's forest; manages timber for use & ecosystem preservation |
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| US National Forest System |
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| created in response to declining timber resources; managed by USFS |
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| National Forest Management Act |
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Definition
| passed in 1976; directs every nat'l forest to have resource management plan |
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| large expanses of undeveloped land containing mainly grasses & shrubs; suitable for livestock grazing |
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| Farmer-Centered Agricultured Resource Management (FARM) |
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| UN program to help farmers in 8 Asian countries use sustainable farming practices |
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| passed 1994 (China) states that businesses building on farmland had to create equal farmland somewhere else |
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| created by digging and expanding on an already existant stream; creating it from dry land where no water source existed; or making one parallel to stream or river |
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| started in 1944; approved nat'l system of highways |
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| Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 |
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Definition
| mandated a uniform highway design, taking into account future traffic levels |
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| Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) |
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Definition
| before a highway is built, an ___ has to be filled out to assess potential env'l impacts from development |
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| managed by 4 federal agencies: BLM, NPS, FWS in US Dept Interior & Forest Service in US Dept Agriculture |
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| est 1916; manages 294 natl parks, preserving wildlife, ecosystems, & the historical value of the lands |
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Definition
| terrestrial areas with water-saturated soils; marshes, swamps, bogs |
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| Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Import |
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| protects wetlands and their resources on an international level |
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| US federal forests & woodlands; can be used by public and for commercial use; recreational & commerical uses conflict often |
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| est to preserve grasslands;used for grazing & resource extraction & recreational hunting & recreation; managed by Dept of Agriculture |
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| United Nations Environment Programme |
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Definition
| oversees most international conservation efforts |
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| remove soil and rock covering mineral deposits; used when deposits are relatively close to surface; hole left usually refilled with original soil & rock |
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| tops of mtns blasted off to access resource; common in coal mine of Appalachian Mtns |
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| uses water to seperate heavier materials from lighter mud and debris; used to extract deposits in riverbeds |
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| digging to reach desired source; quarries |
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| create shafts deep underground to extract resources |
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| unique creation of the benthic environment; beginning to be mined, which is very destructive to fragile structures |
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| restoration of land after mining |
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| Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) |
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Definition
| the cleaning of mining sites with hazardous wastes; the job of the federal govt and paid for by tax on chemical/petroleum industries |
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| General Mining Act of 1972 |
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Definition
| gave people right to prospect on public lands if complies with mining regs |
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| dragging net along bottom of the ocean to capture organisms; stirs up sediment & decreases amt of sun; many restrictions on how, when, & where they can be used |
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| dragging long fishing line with baited hooks along its length behind a boat or attached to an anchor; commonly accidentally catches birds and sea turtles |
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| dragging large nets through water to catch fish; large amount of bycatch; use is reg'd in some regions or banned in other |
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| alt to fishing; raises both freshwater & marine aquatic species in monitored environments |
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| Marine-Protected Areas (MPAs) |
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Definition
| created to reduce fishing demands on marine organisms living within boundaries of space; most allow for some fishing & harvesting; at least 400 |
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| restrictive MPA; doesn't allow human interference w ecosystem |
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| placed on activities that are considered harmful for the environment |
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| max on amt of pollution an industry can emit and companies given permits for amt they're allowed to pollute |
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| created in 1944 to help developing nations in need of financial/technical assistance to eliminate poverty |
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| if everyone owns it, no one will care about it; written by Hardin in 1968 |
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| Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution |
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Definition
| aims to gradually reduces air pollution; including pollution that travels across borders |
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| Convention for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources |
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Definition
| est to protect marine life & ecosystems in & close to Antarctica; part of Antarctic Treaty System |
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| Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes & Their Disposal |
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Definition
| controls transport of hazardous waste between nations, esp. developed to less developed |
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