Term
| Life begins with genes, but development is ____, ______, & ______ |
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Definition
| Dynamic, ongoing, interactional |
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Term
| IN addition to genetics, what other factors make individuals unique? |
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Definition
| personal, social, & cultural influences that affect them during their lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny structures in cell nucleus that contain genetic material |
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Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes are in most human body cells ( except sex cells)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes are in each human egg and sperm cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is DNA and how is it shaped? |
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Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid: genetical material that carries info. the blueprint of an organism's genetic makeup, and it is passed from parent to offspring.
double helix |
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Term
| Who discovered the shape of DNA |
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Definition
| Francis Crick & James Watson |
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Term
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Definition
| full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species |
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Term
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Definition
Geno: set of genes an organism inherits
Pheno: genes that are expressed |
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Term
| What numbered pair of chromosomes are the "sex chromosomes"? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the female and male sex chromosomes shaped? What shaped chromosomes do males and females receive from their mother and father? |
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Definition
Female: X; 1 X from mom and 1 X from dad
Male: Y: 1 X from mom and 1 Y from dad |
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Term
| Under normal circumstances, boys and girls are born at ratio of ___/____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors can affect the "natural" ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| Spontaneous abortion? Induced abortion? |
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Definition
Spon: natural loss (miscarriage)
Ind: deliberate termination |
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Term
| Dominant trait/Recessive trait |
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Definition
dom: allele whose presence masks a recessive trait in the phenotype
rec: allele whose presence is expressed in the phenotype only when both alleles are recessive |
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Term
| dominant-recessive pattern |
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Definition
| interaction of a heterozygous pair of allele in such a way that the phenotype reveals the influences of one allele ( the dominant gene) more than that of the other ( the recessive gene) |
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Term
| What happens during fertilization in order to produce dizygotic twins? How much of their genes are shared?Monozygotic? Shared genes? |
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Definition
2 separate sperm fertilize two separate ova at roughly the same time (fraternal)
50%
one zygote that splits apart very early in development (identical)
100% |
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Term
| What is the genetic abnormality that can cause Down syndrome? |
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Definition
| born with 47 chromosomes instead of 46; 3 chromosomes instead of 2 at the 21st position |
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Term
| Symptoms of Down syndrome |
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Definition
| mental retardation, unusual facial features, heart abnormalities, mean life expectancy of 17 years |
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Term
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Definition
| trained experts that enable people to learn about their genetic heritage |
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Term
| List & briefly describe the 3 prenatal stages of development ( include time frame of each) |
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Definition
germinal (1-2 wk): cell division & cell differentiation
embryonic (3-8): basic forms of all body structures, internal organs
fetal (9): organs mature can function on their own |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that surrounds and protects the developing creature |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of gasses, transporting nutrients, excretion of wastes, and hormone production |
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Term
| During what prenatal stage of development do the primary germ layers develop? |
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Definition
| Embryonic 3 to 8 wks after conception |
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Term
| What are the 3 primary germ layers and what parts of the body do they form? |
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Definition
exto:outer layer; hair, skin, nervous system
meso: middle; muscles, bones, circulatory
endo: inner; digestive and lungs |
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Term
| Describe stages 1-3 of labor and delivery |
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Definition
1: muscles of uterus contract and ends when cervix is fully enlarged
2: baby is pushed through birth canal
3: placenta expelled |
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Term
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Definition
| top of baby's head appears |
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Term
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Definition
| agents that cause abnormal prenatal development |
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Term
| Name 4 types of teratogens |
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Definition
| diseases, pollutants, radiation, medicinal and psychoactive drugs, social and behavioral factors |
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Term
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Definition
| anything in the newborn, mother, or birth process that requires special medical attention |
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Term
| List and define 2 examples of birth complications |
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Definition
Anoxia: lack of oxygen
Cerebral palsy: damage to brains motor centers |
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Term
| Name & describe 2 methods used to detect prenatal deformities and genetic disorders |
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Definition
ultrasound: sound waves to generate pic of fetus
Amniocentesis: insertion of needle through mother's abdomen to obtain sample of amniotic fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| birth occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the preg. |
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Term
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Definition
LBW: >5.5 lbs
VLBW: > 3 lbs 5 oz
ELBW: > 2 lbs 3 oz |
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Term
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Definition
| new mother's feeling's of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth |
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Term
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Definition
| strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn |
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Term
| Name & define 4 newborn reflexes |
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Definition
rooting: baby turns head and opens mouth when cheek is stroked
sucking: sucks objects placed in mouth
blink: closes eye to bright light and loud noise
withdrawal: withdraws foot if pricked with a pin |
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Term
| How do reflexes help the newborn in their development? |
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Definition
| prepares them to interact with the world, survival, protection, and establish foundations for later motor behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| functional units of DNA; section of chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
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Term
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Definition
| first 22 pairs of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| zygote consists of 100 cells that resemble a hollow ball |
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Term
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Definition
| small cluster of cells near center of the blastocyst develops in to the baby |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of the cell becomes the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| blastocyst burrows into uterine wall & establishes connections w/ mother's blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| General risk factors during pregnancy |
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Definition
| nutrition, stress, mother's age |
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Term
| lack of vitamin B babies are at risk for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
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Definition
| sample of tissue is obtained from chorion (part of placenta) and then analyzed (detects down syndrome) |
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Term
| What are some foundations for later motor behavior? |
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Definition
Babinski: toes fan out when sole of foot stroked
Palmar: grasps objects placed in hand
Stepping: held upright feet move rhythmically |
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Term
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Definition
someone familiar with childbirth ) not on the medical staff) that provides emotional support through out labor and delivery
cooperation b/w a mother and a father based on their mutual communication to their children |
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