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| Federal grants-in-aid that permit state & local officials to decide how the money will be spent within a general area, such as education or health. |
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| Federal grants-in-aid to states & localities that can be used only for designated projects. |
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| The authority granted Congress in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution "to regulate commerce" among the states. |
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| A governmental system in which sovereignty is vested entirely in subnational (state) governments. |
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| The situation in which the national, state, & local levels work together to solve problems. |
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| The passing down of authority from the national government to the state & local governments. |
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| A doctrine based on the idea that a precise separation of national power & state power is both possible & desirable. |
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| Enumerated (Expressed) Powers |
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Definition
| The seventeen powers granted to the national government under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. These powers include taxation & the regulation of commerce as well as the authority to provide for the national defense. |
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| A governmental system in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of government: national & regional. |
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| A term that refers to the expenditure of federal funds on programs run in part through states & localities. |
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| Federal cash payments to states & localities for programs they administer. |
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| The federal government's constitutional authority (through the "necessary & proper" clause) to take action that is not expressly authorized by the Constitution but that supports actions that are so authorized. |
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| The process by which national authority has increased over the course of U.S. history as a result primarily of economic change but also of political action. |
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| "Necessary & Proper" (Elastic) Clause |
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| The authority granted Congress in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for the implementation of its enumerated powers. |
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| The powers granted to the states under the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution. |
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| The supreme (or ultimate) authority to govern within a certain geographical area. |
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| Article VI of the Constitution, which makes national law supreme over state law when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. |
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| A governmental system in which the national government alone has sovereign (ultimate) authority. |
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