Term
reproductive (sex) cells
includes the male and female gametes and their developmental precursors
male: spermatazoan
female: ovum |
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Definition
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Term
Germline cells
reproductive (sex) cells
includes the male and female gametes and their developmental precursors
male: ???
female: ovum |
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Definition
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Term
Germline cells
reproductive (sex) cells
includes the male and female gametes and their developmental precursors
male: spermatazoan
female: ??? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function; analogous to an organ |
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Definition
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Term
Functions of cell membranes
1. ???
2. defines the boundaries of the cell and its organelles
3. serves as a selective barrier allowing regulated transport in and out of the cell (or organelles)
4. allows the cell (or an organelle) to control its internal environment
5. contains enzymes and receptors (The membrane is ~50% protein with about 50 lipid molecules per protein.) |
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Definition
| maintains the structural integrity of the cell |
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Term
Functions of cell membranes
1. maintains the structural integrity of the cell
2. ???
3. serves as a selective barrier allowing regulated transport in and out of the cell (or organelles)
4. allows the cell (or an organelle) to control its internal environment
5. contains enzymes and receptors (The membrane is ~50% protein with about 50 lipid molecules per protein.) |
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Definition
| defines the boundary of the cell and its organelles |
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Term
Functions of cell membranes
1. maintains the structural integrity of the cell
2. defines the boundaries of the cell and its organelles
3. ???
4. allows the cell (or an organelle) to control its internal environment
5. contains enzymes and receptors (The membrane is ~50% protein with about 50 lipid molecules per protein.) |
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Definition
| serves as a selective barrier allowing regulated transport in and out of the cell (or organelles) |
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Term
Functions of cell membranes
1. maintains the structural integrity of the cell
2. defines the boundaries of the cell and its organelles
3. serves as a selective barrier allowing regulated transport in and out of the cell (or organelles)
4. ???
5. contains enzymes and receptors (The membrane is ~50% protein with about 50 lipid molecules per protein.) |
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Definition
| allows the cell (or an organelle) to control its internal environment |
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Term
Functions of cell membranes
1. maintains the structural integrity of the cell
2. defines the boundaries of the cell and its organelles
3. serves as a selective barrier allowing regulated transport in and out of the cell (or organelles)
4. allows the cell (or an organelle) to control its internal environment
5. ??? |
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Definition
contains enzymes and receptors (the membrane is
~50% protein with about 50 lipid molecules per protein) |
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Term
| the cell substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, containing the cytosol and organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| the fluid component of the cytoplasm (also called the intracellular fluid or ICF) |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? = the cell’s membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytosol is very concentrated. It is actually more like a ??? than a fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nucleus stores the cell's hereditary material, or ???, and coordinates the cell's activities by regulating what proteins are made and how much of each protein is made and when. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nucleus stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and coordinates the cell's activities by regulating what ??? are made and how much of each of these are made and when. |
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Definition
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Term
??? divide the labor
of a cell. The nucleus directs overall cell activities. |
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Definition
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Term
| the ??? contains most of the cell's DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Each ??? contains a small amount of mitochondrial DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| The nucleus contains 1 or more ???, the site of ribosome assembly and RNA processing |
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Definition
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Term
| The nucleus contains 1 or more nucleoli, the site of ??? assembly and RNA processing |
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Definition
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Term
| The nucleus contains 1 or more nucleoli, the site of ribosome assembly and ??? processing |
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Definition
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Term
| The strands of DNA in the nucleus are packaged with ???, forming a structure referred to as chromatin. |
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Definition
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Term
| The strands of DNA in the nucleus are packaged with proteins, forming a structure referred to as ???. |
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Definition
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Term
Organelles divide the labor
of a cell. The ??? directs overall cell activities. |
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Definition
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Term
??? serve as the basis for the storage and transfer of genetic information.
The two most important nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores encoded hereditary instructions for synthesizing proteins.
RNA functions in translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
Nucleic acids serve as the basis for the ??? and transfer of genetic information.
The two most important nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores encoded hereditary instructions for synthesizing proteins.
RNA functions in translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
Nucleic acids serve as the basis for the storage and ??? of genetic information.
The two most important nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores encoded hereditary instructions for synthesizing proteins.
RNA functions in translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
Nucleic acids serve as the basis for the storage and transfer of ???.
The two most important nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores encoded hereditary instructions for synthesizing proteins.
RNA functions in translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
Nucleic acids serve as the basis for the storage and transfer of genetic information.
The two most important nucleic acids are DNA and ???.
DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores encoded hereditary instructions for synthesizing proteins.
RNA functions in translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? functions in translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
DNA contains instructions
then...
RNA is a copy of the instructions. Many copies can be made.
then...
??? are made from the instructions. Many copies of the protein can be made from each mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic content of the nucleus (just over 3 billion DNA base pairs) is referred to as the ??? which contains about 25,000 genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA to RNA to Protein
1. ???
2. movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore
3. synthesis of protein |
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Definition
synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus
template is created |
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Term
| DNA to RNA to Protein
1. synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus
2. ???
3. synthesis of protein |
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Definition
| movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore |
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Term
| DNA to RNA to Protein
1. synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus
2. movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore
3. ??? |
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Definition
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Term
??? - a sequence of nucleotides within a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesizing a specific protein.
We say that the this encodes for that protein.
We say that each protein is a specific product of this |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? - the process by which the genetic information encoded in a molecule of messenger RNA is translated to protein (an amino acid chain) |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? are the primary site of ATP production |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? is produced primarily by the oxidation of pyruvate (from the catabolism of glucose) and fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is produced primarily by the oxidation of ??? (from the catabolism of glucose) and fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is produced primarily by the oxidation of pyruvate (from the catabolism of ???) and fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is produced primarily by the oxidation of pyruvate (from the ??? of glucose) and fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is produced primarily by the oxidation of pyruvate (from the catabolism of glucose) and ???. |
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Definition
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Term
| an enclosed space or cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| The ??? is a three dimensional network of interconnected closed membrane saces (cisterns) and tubes |
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Definition
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Term
| the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the ??? |
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Definition
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Term
| The endoplasmic reticulum is tethered in place by the ??? |
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Definition
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Term
| The rough ER is studded with ??? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ??? is the site of protein synthesis for proteins destined for the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, plasma membrane, or secretion from the cell |
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Definition
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
tubular shaped ER without associated ribosomes
site of lipid synthesis (including phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and steroid hormones)
site of glycogen synthesis and catabolism in muscle and liver cells
site of intracellular Ca2+ storage
site of drug metabolism in hepatocytes |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| site of lipid synthesis (including phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and steroid hormones) |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| site of glycogen synthesis and catabolism in muscle and liver cells |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| site of intracellular Ca2+ storage |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| site of drug metabolism in hepatocytes |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
site for modification and packaging of proteins made in the RER
sorts and separates proteins according to their destinations
Proteins and glycolipids are glycosylated as they pass through this |
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Definition
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Term
| site for modification and packaging of proteins made in the RER |
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Definition
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Term
| sorts and separates proteins according to their destinations |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins and glycolipids are glycosylated as they pass through this |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? bud off the endoplasmic reticulum, carrying proteins and lipids to the cis face (forming face) of the Golgi apparatus. As proteins and lipids pass through successive layers of the Golgi apparatus, they are modified and sorted. Proteins and lipids leave the Golgi in vesicles that bud off the trans face (maturing face). |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicles bud off the ???, carrying proteins and lipids to the cis face (forming face) of the Golgi apparatus. As proteins and lipids pass through successive layers of the Golgi apparatus, they are modified and sorted. Proteins and lipids leave the Golgi in vesicles that bud off the trans face (maturing face). |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicles bud off the endoplasmic reticulum, carrying ??? and lipids to the cis face (forming face) of the Golgi apparatus. As proteins and lipids pass through successive layers of the Golgi apparatus, they are modified and sorted. Proteins and lipids leave the Golgi in vesicles that bud off the trans face (maturing face). |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicles bud off the endoplasmic reticulum, carrying proteins and ??? to the cis face (forming face) of the Golgi apparatus. As proteins and lipids pass through successive layers of the Golgi apparatus, they are modified and sorted. Proteins and lipids leave the Golgi in vesicles that bud off the trans face (maturing face). |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicles bud off the endoplasmic reticulum, carrying proteins and lipids to the cis face (forming face) of the ???. As proteins and lipids pass through successive layers of the Golgi apparatus, they are modified and sorted. Proteins and lipids leave the Golgi in vesicles that bud off the trans face (maturing face). |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicles bud off the endoplasmic reticulum, carrying proteins and lipids to the ??? (forming face) of the Golgi apparatus. As proteins and lipids pass through successive layers of the Golgi apparatus, they are modified and sorted. Proteins and lipids leave the Golgi in vesicles that bud off the trans face (maturing face). |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicles bud off the endoplasmic reticulum, carrying proteins and lipids to the cis face (forming face) of the Golgi apparatus. As proteins and lipids pass through successive layers of the Golgi apparatus, they are modified and sorted. Proteins and lipids leave the Golgi in vesicles that bud off the ??? (maturing face). |
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Definition
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Term
3 types of vesicles bud off the trans face of the Golgi apparatus.
??? – carry molecules to be secreted from the cell
membrane renewal vesicles – fuse with the cell membrane to add lipids and proteins
primary lysosomes – vesicles that are filled with digestive enzymes and remain in the cytosol |
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Definition
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Term
3 types of vesicles bud off the trans face of the Golgi apparatus.
secretory vesicles – carry molecules to be secreted from the cell
??? – fuse with the cell membrane to add lipids and proteins
primary lysosomes – vesicles that are filled with digestive enzymes and remain in the cytosol |
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Definition
| membrane renewal vesicles |
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Term
3 types of vesicles bud off the trans face of the Golgi apparatus.
secretory vesicles – carry molecules to be secreted from the cell
membrane renewal vesicles – fuse with the cell membrane to add lipids and proteins
??? – vesicles that are filled with digestive enzymes and remain in the cytosol |
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Definition
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Term
originate from Golgi apparatus
filled with digestive enzymes
these break down damaged organelles and material taken from outside the cell by endocytosis.
Useful nutrients are returned to the cytosol.
Any toxic compounds or compounds not useful to the cell are ejected from the cell by exocytosis.
after death, after cells have been deprived of oxygen for some time, the cytoplasm acidifies causing the membrane consisting of these to breakdown. The enzymes released from these digest the cell in a process called autolysis. Brain cells are the first to undergo this reaction, often destroying themselves within 4-5 minutes after breathing stops. |
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Definition
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Term
??? originate from Golgi apparatus
and are filled with digestive enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? break down damaged organelles and material taken from outside the cell by endocytosis. |
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Definition
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Term
activation of ??? occurs when:
1. a primary lysosome fuses with the membrane of another organelle, such as a mitochondrion
2. a primary lysosome fuses with an endosome containing fluid or solid materials from outside the cell |
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Definition
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Term
activation of lysosomes occurs when:
1. a primary lysosome fuses with the membrane of another ???, such as a mitochondrion
2. a primary lysosome fuses with an endosome containing fluid or solid materials from outside the cell |
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Definition
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Term
activation of lysosomes occurs when:
1. a primary lysosome fuses with the membrane of another organelle, such as a mitochondrion
2. a primary lysosome fuses with an ??? containing fluid or solid materials from outside the cell |
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Definition
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Term
these produce bile acids in hepatocytes
oxidize long chain fatty acids and certain amino acids, supplementing the energy produced by mitochondria
The oxidation of nutrients (both in the mitochondria and in peroxisomes) produces hydrogen peroxide, which is cytotoxic (toxic to cells).
these contain enzymes to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide. |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? produce bile acids in hepatocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? oxidize long chain fatty acids and certain amino acids, supplementing the energy produced by mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? contain enzymes to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide. |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? modified lipids and proteins; sorts and packages them in vesicles |
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Definition
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Term
| synthesizes lipids and performs other shit |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| ??? digests molecules or old cell parts |
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Definition
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Term
supports and reinforces the plasma membrane
determines and maintains cell shape
gives cells mechanical strength
-resists deformation
-prevents excessive stretching by external forces
gives structure and organization to the cytoplasm
-tethers the nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria in place
mediates the internal movements that occur in the cytoplasm, such as the migration of organelles and mitotic movements of chromosomes.
-Motor proteins associated with components of this permit motion of one part of the cell relative to other parts (e.g. beating cilia, flagella, contraction of muscle cells) and the movement of organelles to specific locations within the cell |
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Definition
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Term
supports and reinforces the plasma membrane
determines and maintains cell shape |
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Definition
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Term
gives cells mechanical strength
-resists deformation
-prevents excessive stretching by external forces |
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Definition
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Term
gives structure and organization to the cytoplasm
-tethers the nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria in place |
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Definition
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Term
mediates the internal movements that occur in the cytoplasm, such as the migration of organelles and mitotic movements of chromosomes.
-Motor proteins associated with components of this permit motion of one part of the cell relative to other parts (e.g. beating cilia, flagella, contraction of muscle cells) and the movement of organelles to specific locations within the cell |
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Definition
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Term
small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the cell membrane
found on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the small intestine and endothelial cells of nephron tubules in the kidneys
Increased surface area increases the rate of absorption of materials from the extracellular fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
minute hair-like organelles extending from the surface of a certain epithelial cells
beat in rhythmic waves, moving fluid in one direction across the cell surface
For instance, a female's oviducts are lined with these to assist in the movement of an egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus (womb).
The trachea and bronchi are lined with these to move mucous that is secreted by the cells lining the trachea up to the pharynx (throat) where the mucous is either coughed up or swallowed. |
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Definition
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Term
| minute hair-like organelles extending from the surface of a certain epithelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Each sperm has a single ??? which serves to propel the cell forward |
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Definition
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Term
large barrel-like protein complex
primary function is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis (the hydrolysis of peptide bonds)
A human cell contains on average 30,000 these complexes.
it is shaped like a cylinder, with its active sites enclosed inside. The caps on the ends regulate entry into the chamber. |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary function of these is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis (the hydrolysis of peptide bonds) |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary function of proteosomes is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by ??? (the hydrolysis of peptide bonds) |
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Definition
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Term
| the hydrolysis of peptide bonds |
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Definition
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Term
Cells need to control the destruction of their own proteins, making sure they remove only those proteins that are damaged or no longer needed.
Unwanted (damaged, extra, or obsolete) proteins are marked for destruction by tagging with a chain of ??? proteins.
This targets the unwanted protein to proteosomes.
The ubiquinated protein chain is then pulled into the proteosome and hydrolyzed into small peptide fragments. |
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Definition
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Term
Cells need to control the destruction of their own proteins, making sure they remove only those proteins that are damaged or no longer needed.
Unwanted (damaged, extra, or obsolete) proteins are marked for destruction by tagging with a chain of ubiquitin proteins.
This targets the unwanted protein to ???.
The ubiquinated protein chain is then pulled into this and hydrolyzed into small peptide fragments. |
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Definition
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Term
Cells need to control the destruction of their own proteins, making sure they remove only those proteins that are damaged or no longer needed.
Unwanted (damaged, extra, or obsolete) proteins are marked for destruction by tagging with a chain of ubiquitin proteins.
This targets the unwanted protein to proteosomes.
The ubiquinated protein chain is then pulled into the proteosome and hydrolyzed into small ??? fragments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell division: mitosis followed by ??? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell division: ??? followed by cytokinesis |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? is the division of the cell nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| ??? is the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic information encoded in DNA is organized into ???. During mitosis, these are replicated and one copy of each is transmitted to the daughter cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic information encoded in DNA is organized into chromosomes. During ???, the chromosomes are replicated and one copy of each is transmitted to the daughter cells. |
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Definition
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