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Ch. 3&4 Jawless Aquatic Environment/Adaptations
Ch. 3&4 Jawless Aquatic Environment/Adaptations
57
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/07/2018

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Term
Water: Challenges and Opportunities
(4)
Definition
Density: 800x greater than air
Viscosity: 18x greater than air
Oxygen: air 20.9%, water 1-5%
Electrical conductivity
Term
Density
Definition
Increased size because little effect of gravity
Term
Viscosity
(2)
Definition
More friction (requires streamlined shaped)
Tidal ventilation inefficient
Term
Electrical Conductivity
(2)
Definition
Water conducts/ air doesn't
Detect electricity of other organisms
Term
Obtainting Oxygen: Ventilation
(3)
Definition
Buccal pumping
Ram ventilation
Operculum
Term
Ram Ventilation
(3)
Definition
Swim constantly w/ mouth open to breathe
Must swim perpetually
Some sharks and bony fish
Term
Operculum
(3)
Definition
Protects gills
Assists w/ buccal pumping
Prevents backflow of H2O
Term
Obtaining Oxygen: Gills
(2)
Definition
Gill, filaments, lamellae
Extracts ~80% of oxygen from water
Term
Lamellae
Definition
Where blood flows through segments on filaments
Term
Counter current gas exchange
(4)
Definition
H2O flows opposite direction to blood
Cross right diffusion gradient along capillary
Oxygen higher in water compared to blood
Increase level of gas exchange
Term
Mainting Position: Buoyancy
(4)
Definition
Same depth w/o swimming
Density equal to water: neutral buoyancy
Benefit w/o swimming (reduced energy cost)
Bony fish have swim bladder
Term
Swim Bladder
(2)
Definition
Increasing water depth, increase in shrinking of swim bladder
Adjusts buoyancy
Term
Swim Bladder Types
(2)
Definition
Physostomous
Physoclistous
Term
Physostomous
(3)
Definition
Connected to stomach
Gulp air at surface to fill
Burp to empty
Term
Physoclistous
(4)
Definition
Advanced
Fill by secreting oxygen from blood
Gas gland and rete mirabile
Ovale: empties oxygen to blood
Term
Gas gland and rete mirabile
Definition
Increases oxygen concentration in blood for oxygen diffusion into bladder
Term
Chondrichthyes
(4)
Definition
No swim bladder
Liver and body fluids (squaline): neutral buoyancy
Liver density less than water
Nitrogenous compounds and ions in blood: less dense
Term
Aquatic Senses: Motion
(3)
Definition
Lateral line system
Contains neuromast organs: hair cells
Fishes and aquatic amphibs
Term
Neuromast Organs
(4)
Definition
Pores in skin/goes to canal/neuromast organ
Make up lateral line system
Cupula: gelatinous mass
2 hair cells: hairs= kinocilia
Term
No Lateral Lines
(5)
Definition
Clupeidae: herring and shad
Organs on head only
Concentrated lines on head, esp. predators
Schooling fish
Ex. Ratfishes
Term
Detection of electrical fields
(4)
Definition
Animals generate electric fields
Nerve signals
Injury: 2x signal released, good at detecting wounded prey
Chondrichthyes and some bony fishes
Term
Detection: Sharks
(2)
Definition
Ampullae of Lorenzini: electroreceptors/ pores on nose
Canals filled w/ gel: conducts electricity, compares electrical differences between pore surface and sensory cell, detects temp. diff.
Term
Other Electrical Functions
(3)
Definition
Discharge: stun prey, modified muscle cells (ex. electric eels)
Electrolocation (ex. elephantfish)
Communication
Term
Osmoregulation
(2)
Definition
Regulating the concentration of body fluids
Freshwater
Term
Freshwater
(3)
Definition
Body fluids hyperosmolal to environment
Body concentration higher than environment
Problem:organism will gain water through osmosis
Term
Marine
(2)
Definition
Body fluids hypoosmolal to environment
Problem: lose water to environment
Term
Terrestrial Verts.
Definition
Problem: losing water to environment through evaporation
Term
Nitrogenous Waste
(2)
Definition
Byproduct of protein digestion
Ammonia
Term
Ammonia
(3)
Definition
High solubility in water and very toxic
Excrete in very dilute urine
Ex. Freshwater verts., esp. bony fish
Term
Urine
Definition
Nitrogenous waste in H2O
Term
Others Convert Ammonia by Liver to:
(3)
Definition
Urea
Uric Acid
Costs a lot of energy to produce
Term
Urea
(2)
Definition
Less toxic and requires less H2O
Ex. mammals, marine verts., adult amphibians
Term
Uric Acid
Definition
Conversion requires most energy
Insoluble in water and least toxic
Best at conserving H2O
Ex. reptiles and birds
Term
Reptiles and Birds Reason for Uric Acid?
(3)
Definition
Reptiles: dry environment
Birds: lighter mass for flight
Reproduction via hard-shelled eggs: no toxic waste
Term
Osmoregulation: Freshwater Bony Fishes
(2)
Definition
Chloride Cells: Move salts against concentration gradient
Requires active transport and energy
Term
Osmoregulation: Cartilaginous Fishes
(5)
Definition
Retain urea in body
Hyperosmolal to seawater
Gain H2O and salts in gills
No chloride cells
Rectal gland removes salts from blood
Term
Chonrichthyes: Derived Characters
(4)
Definition
Calcification of cartilage
Pelvic claspers in males
Placoid scales
Series of replacement teeth (tooth whorls)
Term
Calcification of cartilage
Definition
Increases strength
Term
Pelvic claspers in males
(2)
Definition
Internal fertilization
Rare
Term
Placoid scales
(3)
Definition
Spine of dentine covered by enamaloid
Protection
Ridges increase hydrodynamics
Decreases turbulence and drag through H2O
Term
Series of replacement teeth
(2)
Definition
Teeth= modified scales
Forms in dermis
Term
Chondrichthyes: Other Characteristics
(4)
Definition
Cartilaginous skeleton (mineralization lost)
Increased buoyancy
Jaws and vertebrae= calcified
Heterocercal tail
Term
Chonrichthyes Heterocercal Tail
(3)
Definition
Ventral lobe is directed downward
Creates forward and upward thrust
Counteracts negative buoyancy
Term
Holocephali
(5)
Definition
Ratfishes
~49 species
All marine
~1m long
~370 mya
Term
Holocephali Derived Characters
(2)
Definition
Palatoquadrate fused to cranium (holostylic jaw)
Pectoral fins w/ 2 supports
Term
Palatoquadrate
Definition
Upper jaw
Term
Holocephali Other Characters
(2)
Definition
No scales: lost
1 pr of gill openings
Term
Ratfish Life History
(7)
Definition
Benthic bottom dwellers: >500m
Feed on hard-shelled shrimp, mollusks, sea urchins
Tooth plates: nipping and grinding (continual growth)
Reproduction: oviparous eggs
Lays horny-shelled eggs in prs
Slow reproductive cycle
~10-12 yrs to reach sexual maturity and produce few young per yr
Term
Elasmobranchii: Sharks, Skates, Rays
(2)
Definition
Mostly marine
~400 mya
Term
Elasmobranchii Derived Characters
(2)
Definition
Pectoral fins w/ 3 supports
Subterminal mouth
Term
Elasmobranchii Other Characters
Definition
5-7 prs external gill slits
Term
"Sharks"
(2)
Definition
~550 species
Gill openings lateral
Term
Shark senses and prey detection
(3)
Definition
Olfaction
Mechanoreception
Vision
Term
"Sharks" Olfaction
(2)
Definition
Long disance
Detect blood up to 1km or more
Term
"Sharks" Mechanoreception
(2)
Definition
Vibrations from struggling prey
Respond up to ~1km
Term
"Sharks" Vision
Definition
Close range
More rods than cones
Good for low light vision/ nocturnal
Tapetum lucidum
Term
Tapetum lucidum
Definition
Reflective layer at back of eye
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