Term
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Definition
An acid derivative with a chlorine atom in place of the hydroxyl group.
O
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R-C-Cl |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that contains a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom; R-OH. |
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Term
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Definition
A carbonyl group with one alkyl group and one hydrogen.
O
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R-C-H |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrocarbon containing only single bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrocarbon containing one or more C=C double bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrocarbon group with only single bonds; an alkane with one hydrogen removed, to allow bonding to another group; symbolized by R. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrocarbons containing one or more C=C triple bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
An acid derivative that contains a nitrogen atom instead of the hydroxyl group of the acid.
O O O
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R-C-NH2 R-C-NHR' R-C-NR2' |
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Term
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Definition
| An alkylated analogue of ammonia; R-NH2, R2NH, or R3N |
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Term
| Aromatic Hydrocarbons (aka Arenes) |
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Definition
| Hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring, a six-membered ring with three double bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the polarity of an individual bond in a molecule, defined as μ = (4.8 x d x δ), where μ is the dipoole moment in debyes (10-10 esu - Å), d is the bond length in angstrom, and δ is the effective amount of charge seperated, in units of the electronic charge. |
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Term
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Definition
The \ functional group, as in ketone or aldehyde.
C=O
/ |
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Term
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Definition
| The -COOH functional group, as in a carboxylic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
A compound that contains the carboxyl group, -COOH
O
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R-C-OH |
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Term
| Cis-Trans Isomers (aka Geometric Isomers) |
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Definition
| Stereoisomers that differ in their cis-trans arrangement on a double bond or on a ring. The cis isomer has similar groups on the same side, and the trans isomer has similar groups on opposite sides. |
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Term
| Constitutional Isomers (Structural Isomers) |
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Definition
| Isomers whose atoms are connected differently; they differ in their bonding sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The -C=N functional group, as in a nitrile. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attractive intermolecular forces resulting from the attraction of the positive and negative ends of the permanent dipole moments of polar molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bond containing four electrons between two nuclei. One pair of electrons froms a sigma bond, and the other pair forms a pi bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound with an oxygen bonded between two alkyl (or aromatic) groups; R-O-R'. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relative, nonalkane part of an organic molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
A directional orbital formed from a combination of s and p orbitals on the same atom.
sp hybrid orbitals give two orbitals with a bond angle of 180o (linear geometry).
sp2 hybrid orbitals give three orbitals with bond angles of 120o (trigonal geometry).
sp3 hybrid orbitals give four orbitals with bond angles of 109.5o (tetrahedral geometry). |
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Term
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Definition
Compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
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Term
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Definition
| A particularly strong attraction between a nonbonding pair of electrons and an electrophilic O-H or N-H hydrogen. Hydrogen bonds have bond energies of about 20 kJ/mol (kcal/mol), compared with a bout 400 kJ/mol (about 100 kcal/mol) for typical C-H bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The -OH functional group, as in an alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
A carbonyl group with two alkyl groups attached.
O
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R-C-R' |
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Term
| Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) |
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Definition
| Wave functions can add to each other to produce the wave functions of new orbitals. The number of new orbitals generated equals the orginal number of orbitals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intermolecular forces resulting from the attraction of correlated temporary dipole moments induced in adjacent molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
An orbital formed by the overalap of the atomic orbitals on different atoms. MOs can be either bonding or antibonding, but only the bonding MOs are filled in most stable molecules.
A bonding molecular orbital places a large amount of electron density in the bonding region between the nuclei. The energy of an electron in a bonding MO is lower than it is in an atomic orbital.
An antibonding molecular orbital places most of the electron density outside the bonding region. The energy of an electron in an antibonding MO is higher than it is in an atomic orbital. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound containing a cyano group, -C=N |
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Term
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Definition
| In an orbital, a region of space with zero electron density. |
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Term
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Definition
A bond formed by sidways overlap of two p orbitals. A pi bond has its electron density in two lobes, one above and one below the line joining the nuclei.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| A bond with most of its electron density centered along the line joining the nuclei; a cylindrically symmetrical bond. Single bonds are normally sigma bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the structure and chemistry of stereoisomers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bond containing six electrons between two nuclei. One pair of electrons form sigma bond and the other two pairs form two pi bonds at right angles to each other. |
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Term
| Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSPER Theory) |
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Definition
| Bonds and lone pairs around a central atom tends to be separated by the largest possible angles: about 180o for two, 120o for three, and 109.5o for four. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attractive forces between neutral molecules, including dipole-dipole forces and London dispersion forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mathematical description of an orbital. The square of the wave function (ψ2) is proportional to the electron density. |
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