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| Approach to abnormality that focuses on personality, behavior, and ways of thinking as possible causes of abnormality. |
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Suggest that all behavior, thoughts, and emotions, whether normal or abnormal, are influenced to a large extent by unconscious processes
Began with Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century and have expanded to include several newer theories. |
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| Freud's theory of personality and psychopathology, a method of investigating the mind, and a form of treatment for psychopathology (through catharsis). |
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| The release of emotions connected to memories by discussing those memories, often under hypnosis. The release of these emotions leads to an improvement of symptoms. |
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| The motivated forgetting of a difficult experience or an unacceptable wish/desire. Does not dissolve the emotion associated with the memory or wish, and since the emotion is "damned up" it emerges as symptoms. |
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The sexual drive of humans, one of the two basic drives of human behavior according to Freud. The focus of most of his writings. The libido was regulated by the three systems of the human psyche, the id, the ego, and the superego.
The other, according to Freud, was the aggressive drive. |
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Term
id
Pleasure principle
primary process thinking/wish fulfillment |
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The system from which the libido emerges, and its drives and impulses see immediate release, operating by the pleasure principle (the drive to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain as quickly as possible-a number of reflex actions).
When the action cannot be taken, the human may use fantasies or memories to conjure up the desired object or experience. |
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Term
Ego
Reality principle
Secondary process thinking/rational deliberation |
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A part of the id that splits off as children grow older and realize that they cannot immidiaely satisfy sexual urges or carry out aggressive impulses without punishment by society. The ego therefore, is a force that seeks to gratify wishes and needs in ways that remain within the rules of society for their appropriate expression (following the reality principle).
The ego operates by rational deliberation, rather than primary process thinking (id). |
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Term
Superego
Introject/internalize
Conscious
Ego Ideal |
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Definition
Develops from the go later in childhood as the storehouse of rules and regulations for the conduct of behavior that are learned from one's parents and from society. The rules are in the form of absolute moral standards, which we introject or internalize because following them makes us feel good and reduces anxiety.
The superego is made up of two components
The conscience constantly evaluates whether we are conforming
The ego ideal is an image of the person we wish to become, for med form images of those people with whom we identified in our early years. |
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| Where most of the interactions among the id, ego, and superego occur, completely out of our awareness. |
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| A buffer between the unconscious and the conscious. Wishes needs, and memories come hear, but rarely reach consciousness because the ego deflects this back or changes it to protect the conscious from being fully aware of it. The pushing back is repression. |
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| The aspect of the psyche holding material of which we are aware. |
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| Strategies that the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes. These shape a person's behavior and personality. |
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| Retreating to a behavior of an earlier developmental period to prevent anxiety and satisfy current needs |
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| Refusing to perceive of accept reality |
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| Discharging unacceptable feelings against someone or something other than the true target of these feelings |
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| Inventing an acceptable motive to explain unacceptably motivated behavior |
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| Adopting a cold, distanced perspective on a matter that actually creates strong, unpleasant feelings |
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| Attributing one's own unacceptable motives or desires to someone else. |
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| Adopting a set of attitudes and behaviors that are the opposite of one's true dispositions |
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| Adopting the ideas, values, and tendencies of someone in a superior position in order to elevate self-worth |
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| Translating wishes and needs into socially acceptable behavior |
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| Blocking a threatening idea, memory, or emotion from consciousness. |
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| engaging in a ritual behavior or thought to cancel an unacceptable impulse that someone has had. |
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| avoiding unacceptable feelings by cutting them off from events to which they are attached and reacting to events emotionlessly |
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