Term
| some crucial roles of fatty acids |
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Definition
-fuel reserves
-signal molecules
-components of membrane lipids |
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Term
| some tissues that can synthesize fatty acids under certain conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| some times fatty acid synthesis is necessary |
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Definition
-embryonic development
-lactation |
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Term
| the precursor to virtually all fatty acids |
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Definition
| acetyl CoA, which is the end product of fatty acid degradation |
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Term
| the 3 stages of fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
1: acetyl CoA transported in the form of citrate out of mitochondria into cytoplasm; the citrate that is formed yields acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
2: acetyl CoA is activated into malonyl CoA
3: rxn intermediates attached to acyl carrier protein, which serves as the foundation for fatty acid synthesis, which happens 2 C atoms at a time in a 5-step elongation cycle |
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Term
| where fatty acid synthesis occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| fatty acid synthesis begins with... |
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Definition
| activation of acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA |
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Term
| molecular foundation for fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| the raw material fgor fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| how acetyl CoiA is transported out of mitochondria into cytoplasm |
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Definition
| transported out in the form of citrate |
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Term
| when mitochondria transports citrate into the cytolasm |
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Definition
| when the energy needs of a cell have been met |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate at the expense of an ATP molecule |
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Term
| depiction of the function of ATP-citrate lyase |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP-citrate lyase is stimulated by... |
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Definition
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Term
| how insulin stimulates ATP-citrate lyase |
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Definition
| initiating a signal transduction pathway that ultimately results in the phosphorylation and activation of the lyase by Akt (aka protein kinase B) |
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Term
| Akt (aka protein kinase B) |
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Definition
| phosphorylates and activates ATP-citrate lyase |
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Term
| how citrate serves as a signal molecule |
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Definition
| inhibits phosphofructokinase, which controls the rate of glycolysis |
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Term
| depiction of the transfer of acetyl CoA to the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the reduction of oxaloacetate to malate by NADH |
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Term
| depiction of the function of malate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
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Term
| NADP+-linked malate enzyme (aka malic enzyme) |
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Definition
| catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate into pyruvate |
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Term
| depiction of the function of NADP+-linked malate enzyme (aka malic enzyme) |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the carboxylation pyruvate into oxaloacetate |
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Term
| depiction of the function of pyruvate carboxylase |
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Definition
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Term
| the net rxn of converting oxaloacetate into pyruvate |
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Definition
| NADP+ + NADH + ATP + H2O --> NADPH + NAD+ + ADP Pi + H+ |
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Term
| pathways that provide the C atoms needed for reducing power in fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
-citric acid cycle
-transport of citrate from mitochondria to cytoplasm
-pentose phosphate pathway |
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Term
| pathways that provide the ATP needed for fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
-glycolysis
-oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| depiction of pathway integration for fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| the committed step in fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the activation of acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA |
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Term
| depiction of the activation of acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| the 2 steps of the synthesis of malonyl CoA |
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Definition
| 1: a carboxybiotin intermediate is formed at the expense of the hydrolysis of a molecule of ATP
2: the activated CO2 group is then transferred to acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA |
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Term
| the essential regulatory enzyme for fatty acid degradation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme system that catalyzes the synthesis of saturated, long-chain fatty acids from acetyl CoA, malonyl CoA, and NADPH |
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Term
|
Definition
| catalyzes the conversion of acetyl CoA into acetyl ACP |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the conversion of malonyl CoA into malonyl ACP |
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Term
| depiction of the function of acetyl transacylase and malonyl transacylase |
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Definition
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Term
| the synthesis of fatty acids with an odd number of C atoms starts with... |
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Definition
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Term
| the active unit on acyl carrier protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| β-ketoacyl synthase aka condensing enzyme |
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Definition
| catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl ACP |
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Term
| depiction of the function of β-ketoacyl synthase aka condensing enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| where the C atoms in fatty acids containing an even number of C atoms come from |
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Definition
| they are all derived from acetyl CoA |
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Term
| general difference between NADPH and NADH |
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Definition
-NADPH consumed in biiosynthetic rxns
-NADH generated in energy-yielding rxns |
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Term
| elongation of fatty acids continues until... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| this acts as a ruler to determine fatty acid chain length |
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Definition
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Term
| why thioesterase acts as a ruler for fatty acid chain length |
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Definition
| because it acts selectively on C16-acyl ACP |
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Term
| net rxn for the synthesis of palmitate |
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Definition
| 8 acetyl CoA + 7 ATP + 14 NADPH --> palmitate + NADP+ + 8 CoA + 6 H2O 7 ADP + 7 Pi |
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Term
| general composition of fatty acid synthase |
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Definition
| dimer of 2 identical 270 kDa subunits, each containing all the active sites required for activity and an acyl carrier protein tethered to the complex |
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Term
| depiction of the fatty acid synthase in animals |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristic of many eukaryotic multienzyme complexes |
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Definition
| they are multifunctional proteins in which the enzymes are linked covalently |
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Term
| advantage of enzymes being linked covalentle in a multienzyme complex |
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Definition
| intermediates can be efficiently handed from one active site to another without leaving the assembly |
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