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Ch. 27 Presentation
The Living World Powerpoint
87
Biology
Undergraduate 3
04/04/2012

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Term
The vertebrate body is defended from infection by ? lines of defense, they are...
Definition

1. skin and mucous membranes  

2.cellular counterattack

3.  specific immune response

Term
The ? is the first defense against invasion by microbes
Definition
skin
Term
the skin has two layers, they are...
Definition
an outer epidermis
a lower dermis
Term
a ? layer lies underneath the dermis
Definition
subcutaneous
Term
The epidermis of the skin is from ? to ? cells thick
Definition
10 - 30
Term
the outer layer of epidermis is called the
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
the layer that replaces the stratum corneum cells lies below it and is called the
Definition
basal layer
Term
the cells in the ? layer are among the most actively dividing in the vertebrate body
Definition
basal
Term
The dermis of the skin is from ?- ? times thicker than the epidermis
Definition
15 - 40
Term
The dermis of the skin provides ? for the epidermis
Definition
structural support
Term
the subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis is comprised of that act as ?
Definition
fat-rich cells; shock absorbers and provide insulation
Term
The skin also provides ? defense in addition to the physical defense
Definition
chemical defense
Term
? make the skin surface very acidic
Definition
oil glands
Term
sweat contains the enzyme ?, which attacks and digests the cell walls of many bacteria
Definition
lysozyme
Term
How does lysozyme protect the skin?
Definition
attacks and digests the cell walls of many bacteria
Term
tears contain ? to fight bacterial infections
Definition
lysozyme
Term
What provides protection in the digestive tract?
Definition
stomach acid and digestive enzymes provide protection in the digestive tract
Term
what helps to trap most microorganisms in the respiratory tract?
Definition
sticky mucus
Term
When an infection occurs, a host of cellular and chemical defenses swing into action, including...
Definition
-cells that kill invading microbes
-proteins that kill invading microbes
-the inflammatory response
-the temperature response
Term
The central location for the storage and distribution for the substances involved in the second line of defense is the...
Definition
lymphatic system
Term
There are ? types of white blood cells that kill microbes. They are...
Definition
3; macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells
Term
macrophages kill bacteria by
Definition
ingesting them
Term
most macropahges patrol the vessels of the body, circulating as precursors called
Definition
monocytes
Term
neutrophils ingest bacteria but, more importantly, they...
Definition
secrete chemicals to neutralize everything living in the infected area, including themselves
Term
natural killer cells attack...
Definition
body cells that are infected
Term
natural killer cells kill by puncturing the membrane of an infected cell with ?, which allows water to rush in and burst the cell
Definition
perforin
Term
the ? is a very effective chemical defense in vertebrates
Definition
complement system
Term
the complement system is comprised of approximately ? different proteins that circulate freely in the ? in an inactive state until they encounter either ?
Definition
20; plasma; a fungal or bacteria cell wall
Term
complement proteins then aggregate to form a ? that forms a pore in the foreign cell’s membrane, causing water to rush in and burst the cell
Definition
membrane attack complex
Term
Another class of proteins that kill invading microbes are called ?
Definition
interferons
Term
interferons act as ...
Definition
messengers to other cells in the vicinity of an infection to prevent a virus from spreading to new cells
Term
What happens to viruses after they come in contact with interferons?
Definition
the viruses still infect but they are unable to make new viruses in the cells that received the interferon message
Term
The inflammatory response makes
Definition
the aggressive cellular and chemical counterattacks more effective
Term
Lymphocytes are
Definition
white blood cells that are critical to the specific immune response
Term
T cell lymphocytes originate in the ? but migrate to the ? for maturation
Definition
bone marrow; thymus gland
Term
T cell lymphocytes
recognize microorganisms and viruses by the ....
Definition
chemical markers, or antigens, on their surfaces
Term
What is an antigen?
Definition
a chemical marker
Term
B cell lymphocytes complete their maturation in the ? and, when an antigen is encountered, they produce ?
Definition
bone marrow; antibodies
Term
the antibodies made by b cell lymphocytes coat the ? and mark the cell bearing that antigen for destruction
Definition
antigen;
Term
There are four main kinds of T cells, they are...
Definition
helper T cells (TH), memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells (TC), and suppressor T cells
Term
Both B and T cells produce
Definition
memory cells
Term
memory cells provide the body with the ability to recall ? and to mount ?
Definition
a previous exposure to an antigen ; an attack against that antigen very quickly
Term
? initiate the immune response
Definition
macrophages
Term
Macrophages inspect the surfaces of ?
Definition
all cells they encounter
Term
every cell in the body carries special marker proteins on its surface called...
Definition
major histocompatibility proteins, or MHC proteins
Term
MHC proteins serve as “self” markers that enable the individual’s immune system to ....
Definition
distinguish its cells from foreign cells
Term
When a foreign particle infects the body, it is ...
Definition
taken in by cells and partially digested
Term
(Initiating Immune Response) within the cells, the antigens are processed and moved to the ?.
cells that perform this function are called ? cells and are usually macrophages
Definition
surface of the plasma membrane; antigen-presenting
Term
When a foreign particle infects the body, it is...
Definition
taken in by cells and partially digested
Term
within the cells, the antigens are processed and moved to the surface of the plasma membrane. cells that perform this function are called ? and are usually ?
Definition
antigen-presenting cells; macrophages
Term
Macrophages that encounter a pathogen, identified as anything which lacks the proper MHC protein, respond by ? which is ?
Definition
secreting a chemical alarm signal; interleukin-1
Term
What does interleukin-1 stimulate?
Definition
helper T cells
Term
the helper T cells activate two lines of immune system defense, they are ...
Definition
cellular response; humoral response
Term
cellular response carried out by ? cells
Definition
T
Term
humoral response carried out by ? cells
Definition
B
Term
When macrophages process the foreign antigens and trigger the cellular immune response
the activated ? that are bound to an antigen-presenting cell secrete ?
Definition
helper T cells; interleukin-2
Term
interleukin-2 stimulates the proliferation of
Definition
cytotoxic T cells
Term
cytotoxic T cells recognize and destroy infected ?
Definition
body cells
Term
Any cytotoxic T cell whose receptor fits the particular ? present in the body begins to multiply rapidly
Definition
antigen-MHC complex
Term
the cytotoxic T cells kill by...
Definition
puncturing a hole in the plasma membrane of the infected cell
Term
Following an infection, some of the activated T cells give rise to ? that remain in the body, ready to mount an attack quickly if the antigen is encountered again
Definition
memory cells
Term
B cells also respond to helper T cells activated by ?
Definition
interleukin-1
Term
B cells do not attack infected cells, rather, they...
Definition
mark the pathogen for destruction
Term
early in the ?, the markers placed by B cells alert complement proteins to attack the cells carrying them
Definition
humoral immune response
Term
The release of interleukin-2 by the helper T cells stimulates the
Definition
B cell to divide
Term
the B cells divided to produce
Definition
plasma cells; memory cells
Term
the B cells divided to produce plasma cells that serve as...
Definition
short-lived antibody factories
Term
Antibodies are proteins in a class called...
Definition
immunoglobulins (abbreviated Ig)
Term
there are ? different immunoglobulin subclasses
Definition
5
Term
IgM promotes
Definition
agglutination (clumping) reactions
Term
IgG is the
Definition
major form in the blood plasma
Term
IgD serves as
Definition
antigen receptors on the B cell
Term
IgA is the
Definition
form of antibody in external secretions
Term
IgE promotes the
Definition
release of histamine
Term
The ? that are derived from B cells produce lots of the same antibody that was able to bind to the antigen
Definition
plasma cells
Term
? circulate through the blood and lymph for long periods of time (sometimes the entire lifetime)
Definition
Memory B cells
Term
it is estimated that human B cells can make between
Definition
106 and 109 different antibodies
Term
B cells can make so many different antibodies because
Definition
the immune receptor genes do not exist as single sequences of nucleotides **instead, they are assembled by stitching together three or four DNA segments that code for different parts of the receptor molecule
Term
an antibody is produced by a composite gene in a process called
Definition
somatic rearrangement
Term
Two additional processes generate even more sequences to code for antibodies, they are
Definition
DNA sequences may be joined together off-register, which shifts the reading frame; random mistakes occur during successive DNA replications
Term
The receptors on T cells are just as diverse and are also subject to
Definition
somatic rearrangement and mutations
Term
The first time a pathogen invades a body, there are only a few ? or ? that may recognize the antigens
Definition
B cells; T cells
Term
binding of the antigen to its receptor on the lymphocyte surface stimulates ? and produces a ?. This process is called ?
Definition
cell division; clone; clonal selection
Term
the result of clonal selection is the ?, which is slow to develop and produces both plasma and memory cells
Definition
primary immune response;
Term
As a result of the first infection, a large clone of lymphocytes that can recognize a pathogen remains. The secondary immune response is a more effective response when the ?
Definition
pathogen is encountered again
Term
Vaccination is
Definition
the introduction of a dead or disabled pathogen into a body
Term
How do vaccinations work?
Definition
The vaccination triggers an immune response against the pathogen, without an infection occurring
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