Term
| key energy source during hibernation |
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Definition
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Term
| how fatty acids are stored |
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Definition
| stored as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| surrounding intertnal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| degradation of triaclyglycerol into free fatty acids and glycerol; this mobilizes triacylglycerols |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA |
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Term
| a fat derived fuel source important during fasting |
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Definition
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Term
| when ketone bodies are impoirtant |
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Definition
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Term
| how peripheral tissues, such as muscle, gain access to the lipid energy reserves stored in adipose tissue |
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Definition
1: mobilization of lipids by lipolysis; fatty acids get released from adipose tissue
2: at the tissues that need the fatty acids, the fatty acids are activated and transported into mitochondria for degradation
3: fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA, which is then processed in the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| lipids are hydrolyzed by... |
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Definition
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Term
| glycerol enters the liver, where it can be metabolized by these pathways |
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Definition
-glycolysis
-gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| depiction of lipid degradation |
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Definition
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Term
| triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are converted into free fatty acids in response to... |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of triacyglycerols in adipose tissue being converted into free fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormones induce lipolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| fatty acids are not soluble in aqueous solutions, so how do they get to the tissues that need them? |
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Definition
| released fatty acids bind to the blood protein albumin, which delivers them to tissues in need of fuel |
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Term
| blood protein released fatty acids bind to |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to glycerol formed by lipolysis? |
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Definition
| gets absorbed by the liver and gets phosphorylated |
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Term
| the end product of glycerol after phosphorylation, dehydration, and isomerization? |
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Definition
| D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
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Term
| importance of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
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Definition
| intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| depiction of phosphorylation of glycerol |
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Definition
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Term
| what glycerol can be converted into in the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of how glycerol and fatty acids are used by the liver and other tissues, respectively |
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Definition
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Term
| what glycerol is used for in liver cells |
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Definition
-glycolysis to generate pyruvate
-gluconeogenesis to generate glucose |
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Term
| what fatty acids are used for in tissues other than liver |
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Definition
| fatty acid oxidation into acetyl CoA |
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Term
| how fatty acids enter cells |
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Definition
| they separate from the albumin in the bloodstream and diffuse through transport proteins into the cells |
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Term
| how fatty acids are shuttled about inside cells |
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Definition
| in association with fatty-acid-binding proteins |
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Term
| fatty acid degradation occurs in... |
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Definition
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Term
| how fatty acids gain access to mitochondria to be oxidized |
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Definition
by being activated by reacting with coenzyme A to form acyl CoA
this takes place on the outer mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| how fatty acids get activated |
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Definition
| by reacting with coenzyme A to form acyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the activation of fatty acids |
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Term
| depiction of the activation of fatty acids into acyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| the 2 steps of fatty acid activation |
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Definition
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Term
| what drives forward the activation of fatty acids? |
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Definition
| the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) by pyrophosphatase |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) |
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Term
| depiction of the function of pyrophosphatase |
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Definition
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Term
| what hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) does for biosynthetic rxns |
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Definition
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Term
| the complete rxn for fatty acid activation |
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Definition
| RCOO- + CoA + ATP +H2O --> RCO-CoA + AMP + 2 Pi |
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Term
| activated fatty acids cross outer motochondrial membrane thru... |
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Definition
| voltage-dependent ion channels, also called porin channels |
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Term
| what's required for fatty acids to be transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane? |
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Definition
| fatty acids must be linked to the alcohol cartinine |
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Term
| how a fatty acid gets linked to cartinine |
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Definition
| the acyl group in acyl CoA gets transferred to the OH on cartinine |
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Term
| cartinine acetyltransferase I (aka cartinine palmitoyl transferase I) |
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Definition
| catalyzes transfer of acyl CoA to cartinine to form acyl cartinine |
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Term
| where cartinine acetyltransferase I (aka cartinine palmitoyl transferase I) is |
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Definition
| bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| structure of an acyl group |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of a fatty acid getting linked to cartinine |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the function of cartinine acetyltransferase I (aka cartinine palmitoyl transferase I) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shuttles acyl carnitine to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane and carnitine to the cytoplasmic side of the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| cartinine acetyltransferase II (aka cartinine palmitoyl transferase II) |
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Definition
| catalyzes the transfer of an acyl group from carnitine back to CoA |
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Term
| where cartinine acetyltransferase II (aka cartinine palmitoyl transferase II) is located |
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Definition
| matrix side of inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| depiction of the function of acyl carnitine translocase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| to oxidize the fatty acid, 2 C atoms at a time, into acetyl CoA and to gather the released high energy electrons to power oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| what the electrons released from β-oxidation are used for |
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Definition
| to power oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| recurring sequence of 4 rxns that degrades a saturated acyl CoA |
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Definition
| 1: oxidation by FAD
2: hydration
3: oxidation by NAD+
4: thiolysis by CoA |
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Term
| what happens to the fatty acid in β-oxidation? |
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Definition
| gets shortened by 2 C atoms |
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Term
| some byproducts that are generated from β-oxidation |
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Definition
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Term
| why degradation of fatty acids is called β-oxidation |
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Definition
| because it occurs at the C in a fatty acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the oxidative degradation of fatty acids |
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Term
| structure of the fatty acid that undergoes β-oxidation |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the β-oxidation pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| the first rxn in each round of β-oxidation of fatty acids |
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Definition
| oxidation of acyl CoA by acyl CoA dehydrogenase |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the oxidation of acyl CoA |
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Term
| depiction of the function of acyl CoA dehydrogenase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the hydration of the double bond between C-2 and C-3 in trans-Δ2-Enoyl CoA to yield L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA |
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Term
| depiction of the function of enoyl CoA hydratase |
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Definition
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Term
| L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| catalyzes oxidation of L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA into 3-ketoacyl CoA |
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Term
| depiction of the function of L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the cleavage of 3-ketoacyl CoA to yield acetyl CoA and acyl CoA |
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Term
| depiction of the function of β-ketothiolase |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the first 3 rounds in the degradation of palmitate |
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Definition
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Term
| the net rxn of β-oxidation |
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Definition
| Cn-acyl CoA + FAD + NAD+ H2O + CoA --> Cn-2-acyl CoA + FADH2 + NADH + acetyl CoA + H+ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the degradation of palmitoyl CoA (C16-acyl CoA) requires how many rxn cycles? |
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Definition
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Term
| net rxn of the β-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA |
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Definition
| palmitoyl CoA + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+ 7 H2O + 7 CoA --> 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 8 acetyl CoA + 7 H+ |
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Term
| net ATP yield of the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitate |
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Definition
106 molecules of ATP
consumes 2 and produces 108, therefore net of 106 |
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