Term
| Homeostasis may be defined as the |
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Definition
| dynamic constancy of the internal environment |
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Term
| most of the regulatory mechanisms of the vertebrate body that are not devoted to reproduction are concerned with |
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Definition
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| To maintain internal constancy, the vertebrate body uses |
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Definition
| sensors, integrating center, effectors |
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| To maintain internal constancy, the vertebrate body uses sensors that... |
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Definition
| measure each condition of the internal environment |
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Term
To maintain internal constancy, the vertebrate body uses
an integrating center that contains the |
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Definition
| set point, or proper value for a particular internal condition |
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Term
| To maintain internal constancy, the vertebrate body uses effectors, which are |
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Definition
| generally muscles or glands that can change the value of the condition back toward the set point |
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Term
| The integrating center is often a particular region of the ? or ?, but could also be cells of ? |
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Definition
| brain; spinal cord; endocrine glands |
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Term
| Regulating body temperature: humans, as well as mammals and birds, are... |
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Definition
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Term
| excess glucose is stored in the liver as ? under the influence of the hormone ?, which is released from the ? |
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Definition
| glycogen; insulin; pancreas |
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Term
| when glucose levels are low in the blood, the pancreas releases the hormone ?, which stimulates the liver to convert ? back to ? |
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Definition
| glucagon; glycogen; glucose |
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Term
| Animals use various mechanisms for ?, the regulation of the body’s osmotic composition |
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Definition
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Term
| osmoregulation refers to... |
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Definition
| how much water and salt the body contains |
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Term
| In many animals and single-celled organisms, the removal of water and salts from the body is coupled with the removal of ? through the excretory system |
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Definition
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Term
| Flatworms employ a system of excretory tubules called ? to expel fluids and wastes from the body |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the excretory system of a flatworm work? |
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Definition
the protonephridia branch throughout the body into bulblike flame cells, which open to the outside of the body only
the beating action of cilia within the flame cells draws in fluid from the body, which is passed into a collecting tube
water and metabolites are reabsorbed, while the wastes are expelled through excretory pores |
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Term
| Other invertebrates have a system of tubules that open both to the inside and to the outside of the body. in annelids, these tubules are called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| the nephridia obtain fluid from the body cavity through a process of ? into funnel-shaped structures called ? |
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Definition
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Term
the filtration process excludes, under pressure, particles larger than a certain size
as the fluid passes through the nephridia, NaCl is removed by active transport in the process of ?. the end result is that the urine excreted is more |
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Definition
| reabsorption; dilute (hypotonic) than the body fluids |
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Term
| The excretory organs in insects are called ?, which are extensions of the digestive tract. urine is not formed by filtration but, instead waste molecules and K+ are added to the tubules by ? |
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Definition
| Malpighian tubules; secretion |
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Term
| ? are the excretory organs in vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
| kidneys create a tubular fluid by ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The kidney is a complex organ made up of many repeating units called ? |
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Definition
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Term
| blood pressure forces the fluid in the blood through a capillary bed at the top of each nephron, called a ? |
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| Only ? and ? can reabsorb water from the glomerular filtrate to produce a urine that is hypertonic to (more concentrated than) blood |
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Definition
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Term
| ? are thought to have evolved first among the freshwater fish |
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Definition
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Term
| because the body fluids of a freshwater fish have a greater osmotic concentration than the surrounding water, these animals face two serious problems, they are... |
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Definition
1. water tends to enter the body from the environment
2. solutes tend to leave the body and enter the environment |
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Term
| Freshwater fish address their osmotic problems by |
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Definition
not drinking water
excreting a large volume of dilute urine
reabsorbing ions (mainly NaCl) across the nephron tubule from the glomerular filtrate
actively transporting NaCl across the gills from the surrounding water into the blood |
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Term
| because marine fish's bodies are hypotonic to the surrounding seawater, they face problems in that...to compensate, marine fish... |
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Definition
water tends to leave their bodies through osmosis across the gills
they lose water in their urine
drink lots of seawater |
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Term
| Marine fish excrete ? urine |
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Definition
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Term
| ? are the most common subclass of cartilaginous fish |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Elasomobranchs solve the problem posed by their seawater environment? |
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Definition
| by reabsorbing urea from the nephron tubules |
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Term
| What does reabsorbing urea from nephron tubules do? It makes the blood approximately ? to the sea. |
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Definition
| elevates the osmotic concentration in the blood so that they do not have to continually drink seawater; the blood is approximately isotonic to the surrounding sea |
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Term
| The amphibian kidney is identical to that of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| amphibians produce a very ? urine and actively transport ? across their skin |
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Definition
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Term
| The kidneys of terrestrial reptiles reabsorb much of the salt and water in the ?. their urine is still ? but they can absorb additional water in the ? |
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Definition
| nephron tubules; hypotonic; cloaca |
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Term
| Why can mammals and birds excrete their waste products in a small volume of water? |
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Definition
| Because mammals and birds can produce hypertonic urine |
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Term
| human kidneys can produce urine that is as much as ? times as concentrated as blood plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| the production of hypertonic urine is possible due to a looped portion of the nephron, called the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| birds have relatively few or no ? with long loops |
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Definition
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Term
| at most, birds can only reabsorb enough water to produce a urine that is about ? the concentration of their ? |
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Definition
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Term
| marine birds solve the problem of water loss by... |
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Definition
| drinking sea water and excreting excess salt through salt glands near the eyes |
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Term
| In mammals, each kidney receives blood from a ?, and it is from this blood that ? is produced |
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Definition
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Term
| urine drains from each kidney through a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| the ureters carry urine to a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| urine passes out of the body through the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Within the kidney, the mouth of the ureter flares open to form a funnel-like ? |
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Definition
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Term
| the renal pelvis has cuplike extensions that receive ? from the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| the renal tissue is divided into... |
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Definition
| an outer renal cortex; an inner renal medulla |
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Term
| The mammalian kidney is comprised of roughly 1 million ? , each of which is composed of ? regions |
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Definition
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Term
| The mammalian kidney is comprised of roughly 1 million nephrons, each of which is composed of three regions, they are? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the use of a filter? |
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Definition
| the filtration device at the top of each nephron is called the Bowman’s capsule which receives filtrate from the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| What is the use of a tube? |
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Definition
| the Bowman’s capsule is connected to a long renal tubule, which includes the Loop of Henle, that acts as a reabsorption device |
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Term
| What is the use of a duct? |
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Definition
| the renal tubule empties into a collecting duct that operates as a water conservation device |
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Term
| What are the five steps involved in the formation of urine in the kidney? |
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Definition
1. pressure filtration
2. reabsorption of water
3. selective reabsorption
4. tubular secretion
5. further reabsorption of water |
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Term
| Amino acids and nucleic acids are ? containing molecules |
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Definition
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Term
Amino acids and nucleic acids are nitrogen-containing molecules
When animals metabolize these substances, they produce nitrogen-containing by-products, called ?, that must be ? by the body |
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Definition
| nitrogenous wastes; eliminated |
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Term
| The first step in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids is the removal of ?. This group is then combined with ? to form ?. this takes place in the ? |
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Definition
| the amino (—NH2) group; H+; ammonia (NH3); liver |
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Term
| for fish and tadpoles, ammonia can be directly eliminated across the ? or excreted in ? |
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Definition
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Term
| in sharks, adult amphibians, and mammals, the nitrogenous waste is eliminated as ?, which is less toxic |
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Definition
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Term
| reptiles, birds, and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of ?, which can be excreted with very little water |
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Definition
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