Term
| Among the unicellular protists, oxygen and nutrients are obtained directly by |
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Definition
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Term
| Cnidarians and flatworms have cells that are directly exposed to either the external environment or to a body cavity that functions in digestion, the |
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Definition
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| there are two main types of circulatory systems, they are |
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Definition
open circulatory system
closed circulatory system |
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Term
| Large animals have tissues that are several cell layers thick so that many cells are ?, so instead, oxygen and nutrients are transported from the environment and digestive cavity to the body cells by an ? within a ? |
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Definition
| too far away for surface exchange, internal fluid, circulatory system |
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Term
| In open circulatory systems, there is no distinction between the |
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Definition
| circulating fluid (blood) and the extracellular fluid of the body tissues (interstitial fluid or lymph) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid in the body cavities and tissues of invertebrates, in arthropods functioning as blood and in some other invertebrates functioning as lymph. |
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Term
| Explain Insect as an example of an organism that uses hemolymph |
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Definition
| insects have a muscular tube that serves as a heart to pump the hemolymph through a network of open-ended channels |
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Term
| In a closed circulatory system, the circulating fluid (blood) is... |
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Definition
| always enclosed within blood vessels that transport blood away from and back to a heart |
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Term
| annelids and all vertebrates have a ? circulatory system |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| blood passes from the arterial system to the venous system in |
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Definition
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Term
the pressure of the blood forces some fluid out of the capillary walls,
this fluid is called ?, some of it will return to the ? but some becomes ? and travels through the ? |
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Definition
| interstitial fluid, blood, lymph, lymph vessels |
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Term
| Three types of circulatory systems found in the animal kingdom... |
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Definition
| Gastrovascular cavity, closed circulatory system, open circulatory system |
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Term
| The functions of the circulatory system can be divided into three areas... |
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Definition
| transportation, regulation, protection |
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Term
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Definition
| substances essential for cellular functions are transported by the circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| the cardiovascular system participates in temperature regulation, such as by countercurrent heat exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| the circulatory system protects against injury and foreign microbes or toxins introduced into the body |
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Term
| The vertebrate circulatory system (also known as the cardiovascular system) is made up of three elements |
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Definition
| heart, blood vessels, blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscular pump that pushes blood through the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of tubes through which the blood moves |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that circulates through the vessels |
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Term
| Although each capillary is very narrow, there are so many of them that the capillaries have the greatest total |
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Definition
| cross-sectional area of any other type of blood vessel |
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Term
| capillary beds can be opened or closed based on the |
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Definition
| physiological needs of the tissues |
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Term
| precapillary sphincters can |
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Definition
| contract or relax and affect whether blood flows into a capillary bed for exchange of gases and metabolites |
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Term
| Arterioles differ from arteries in that they are ? and respond to ? |
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Definition
| smaller in diameter; nervous and hormonal stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| can constrict or expand to affect blood flow during periods of stress or body activity |
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Term
| Capillaries are where ? are transferred from the blood to the body’s cells and ? is picked up |
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Definition
| O2 and food molecules; waste CO2 |
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Term
| the blood pressure is actually ? in the capillaries than in the arteries |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vessels that return blood to the heart |
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Term
| Why are the walls of veins thinner? |
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Definition
| the walls of veins are thinner because the blood pressure is not great |
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Term
| veins have ? valves that prevent the flow of blood ? |
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Definition
| unidirectional; backwards |
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Term
| from capillary exchange, the body loses about ? liters of fluid each day |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collect and recycle this fluid, the body uses a second circulatory system called the |
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Term
| the lymphatic system is also a network of vessels filled with a fluid called |
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Definition
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Term
| ultimately the lymph reenters the bloodstream through veins in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| The lymphatic system has ? important functions, they are... |
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Definition
| 3, it returns proteins to circulation,it transports fats absorbed from the intestine, it aids in the body’s defense |
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Term
| swellings along lymph vessels called ? and a lymph organ called the ? are where bacteria and dead blood cells are ? |
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Definition
| lymph nodes; spleen; destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| complex solution of water with three kind of substances dissolved in it |
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Term
| Three kinds of substances dissolved in blood plasma |
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Definition
| metabolites and wastes, salts and ions, proteins |
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Term
| proteins help keep ? in the plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| the chief plasma ions are... |
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Definition
| sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate |
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Term
| other plasma proteins include |
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Definition
| antibodies, globulins, and fibrinogen |
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Term
| Nearly ? the volume of blood is occupied by cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the three principal cell types are |
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Definition
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets (cell fragments) |
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Term
| the blood’s hematocrit is the fraction of the |
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Definition
| total volume of the blood that is occupied by red blood cells |
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Term
| in humans, the hematocrit is usually about ? |
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Definition
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Term
| almost the entire interior of Erythrocytes is packed with ?, which carries ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Because Erythrocytes have no ? they are short-lived and must be replaced by new cells synthesized in the ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| defend the body against invading microorganisms and other foreign substances |
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Term
| Platelets are ? ,pinched from large cells in the ?, called ?, that play a key role in ? |
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Definition
| cell fragments; bone marrow; megakaryocytes; clotting |
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Term
| there are several different kinds of leaukocytes, all of which help... |
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Definition
| defend the body against invading microorganisms and other foreign substances |
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Term
| Leukocytes contain no ? and are essentially ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The chordates that were ancestral to the vertebrates have... |
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Definition
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Term
| The ? of gills by fishes required a more efficient pump, a ? |
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Definition
| evolution; true chamber-pump heart |
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Term
| the fish heart is essentially a tube with four chambers arrayed one after another. ? and ? are collecting chambers |
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Definition
| the sinus venosus (SV); atrium (A) |
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Term
| the fish heart is essentially a tube with four chambers arrayed one after another. ? and ? are pumping chambers |
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Definition
| ventricle (V); conus arteriosus (CA) |
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Term
| chambers of a fish heart contract in a ? sequence |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish heart: the blood that is pumped to the body is fully oxygenated because it ?, but it has ? pressure |
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Definition
| passes through the gills first; less |
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Term
| ? circulation goes to and from the heart and lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| ? circulation goes to and from the heart and the rest of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| ? circulation goes to and from the heart and the rest of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| The advent of ? involved a major change in the pattern of circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| after blood is pumped by the heart to the lungs, it does not go directly to the ? but instead ? |
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Definition
| tissues of the body; returns to the heart |
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Term
| The amphibian heart has structural features to prevent the mixing of... |
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Definition
| deoxygenated blood from the body with oxygenated blood from the lungs |
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Term
| the atrium is divided by a ? that separates the blood coming from the body and from the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| there is a single, common ventricle, in amphibian hearts but little mixing of blood occurs because... |
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Definition
some species of amphibians have folds in the ventricle that direct the flow of blood from the atria
the conus arteriosus is branched |
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Term
| What is cutaneous respiration? |
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Definition
| Amphibians in water supplement the oxygenation of their blood by obtaining additional oxygen by diffusion across their skin |
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Term
| Why is the reptilian heart is additionally specialized? |
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Definition
-there is a partial septum in the ventricle
-the conus arteriosus has become incorporated into the large arteries leaving the heart |
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Term
| Mammals, birds, and crocodiles have a ? heart with ? |
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Definition
| four-chambered; two complete pumping circuits |
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Term
| Increased efficiency of the double circulation in mammals and birds may have been important in the evolution of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| more efficient circulation in endothermic animals is necessary to support ? |
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Definition
| the high metabolic rate required |
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Term
1. In the mammalian heart,
oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs through ? to the ? of the heart and flows mostly passively through the ? into the ? |
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Definition
| pulmonary veins; left atrium; mitral valve; left ventricle |
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Term
2. In the mammalian heart, the thick-walled ? contracts, sending oxygenated blood through a large artery called the ? and out to the body
backflow of blood from the aorta is prevented by the ? |
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Definition
| left ventricle; aorta; aortic semilunar valve |
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Term
| 3. In the mammalian heart, blood travels through the body and returns to the heart via the ?, which drain into the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. In the mammalian heart, blood flows from the right atrium through the ? to the ? |
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Definition
| tricuspid valve; right ventricle |
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Term
| 5. In the mammalian heart, the right ventricle contracts, pushing blood through the ? into ? that lead to the lungs |
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Definition
| pulmonary valve; pulmonary arteries |
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Term
| The simplest way to monitor heartbeat is to listen using a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| ? is the sound made by the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| ? is the sound made by the closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the end of ventricular contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| A ? is heard due to turbulence created by the valves not closing fully |
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Definition
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Term
| Another way to examine the events of the heartbeat is to monitor |
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Definition
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Term
| ? is the low pressure when the atria are filling |
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Definition
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Term
| ? is the high pressure associated with the ventricles contracting |
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Definition
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Term
The contraction of the heart consists of a carefully orchestrated series of muscle contractions
first the ? contract, followed by the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the evolutionary history of the vertebrate heart, the ? has served as the pacemaker of the heart, the site where the heartbeat originates. this chamber is ? in amphibians and reptiles |
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Definition
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Term
| ? is the pacemaker of the heart and determines the ? |
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Definition
| sinoatrial (SA) node; rhythm of the heart’s beating |
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Term
Contraction of the atria is initiated by the ?
Its membranes ?, and this electrical signal passes to all the heart muscle cells in the atria |
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Definition
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Term
| The wave of depolarization does not immediately spread to the ventricles because... |
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Definition
| it must pass first through cardiac muscle called the atrioventricular (AV) node |
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Term
| The ventricles finally contract after the signal passes from the AV node to an atrioventricular bundle of muscle called the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Bundle branches divide into fast-conducting ? which initiate the almost simultaneous of the right and left ventricles |
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Definition
| Purkinje fibers; contraction |
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Term
| The electrical activity of the heart can be measured by a recording called an ? |
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Definition
| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) |
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