Term
| What is the definition of a developmental theory |
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Definition
| group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations, that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth. Provides framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development. |
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Term
| What does a developmental theory provide a framework for? |
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Definition
| understanding how & why people change as they grow older. Explaining the patterns & problems of development |
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Term
| What do grand theories describe? |
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Definition
every aspect of development, often using a stage approach
framework for interpreting and understanding change & development in all individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| new systematic & comprehensive theories of the future |
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Term
| Name 5 major theories of human development |
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Definition
psychoanalytical
behaviorism
cognitive
sociocultural
universal |
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Term
| What 3 theories are considered grand theories? |
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Definition
Psychoanalytic
behaviorism
cognitive |
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Term
| WHat is the basis of psychoanalytic theory and who was its founder? |
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Definition
irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior i.e. thoughts, memories, & desires
Sigmund Freud |
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Term
| Name & briefly describe the 5 psychosexual developmental stages ( include approximate age that each stage is thought to occur) |
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Definition
Oral (birth-1 year): lips, tongue, gums pleasure
Anal (1-3): anus
Phallic (3-6): penis
Latency (6-11): nonsexual, energy put towards conventional activities
Genital (adolescence): genitals |
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Term
| Name and briefly describe Erik Erikson's 8 developmental stages (include approximate age that each stage is thought to occur) |
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Definition
Trust/mistrust (birth-2): love & support
autonomy/shame (2-4): independence from support & encouragement
initiative/guilt (4-6):exploring & accepting challenges
industry/inferiority (6-8): success & recognition
identity/role confusion (adolescence): exploring different paths to attain identity
intimacy/isolation (early adult): relationships
generativity/stagnation (middle adult):transmitting something positive to next generation
integrity/despair (late adulthood): life review & retrospection of past |
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Term
| WHo was the founder of behaviorism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe one of his most famous studies. |
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Definition
| 9 month baby albert. shown live rat, rabbit, and dog; no fear;cried at sound of hammer;made clanging sound when boy touched rat;7 pairings;albert cried to avoid animal without noise; showed fear when shown rat, rabbit, dog, & santa |
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Term
| What is the main emphasis of the behaviorism theory? |
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Definition
| actions; what can be seen and measured; all behavior is learned; nurture not nature |
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Term
| What is the definition of behavior? |
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Definition
| observable responses or activities |
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Term
| Who was the founder of classical conditioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the law of behavior? |
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Definition
| Learning theories; all behavior is learned step by step |
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Term
| A student survives a plane crash that occurred because of a thunderstorm. Now, whenever the student hears thunder, he gets anxious. Label the following: US/UR/NS or CS/CR. |
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Definition
US: Plane crash
NS/CS: Thunder
UR: Fear
CR: Anxiety |
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Term
| Who was the founder of operant conditioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define operant conditioning |
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Definition
| Form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the probability that a response will recur |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases the probability that a response will recur |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that eliminates the behavior |
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Term
| Positive reinforcement. provide example. |
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Definition
presentation of an appetitive stimulus following a response
my teacher gave me 5 extra points for going above and beyond |
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Term
| Negative reinforcement. provide example. |
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Definition
removal of an aversive stimulus following a response.
before i want out on the boat, i caked on some extra sunscreen lotion so that i wouldn't get sunburnt. |
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Term
| Positive punishment. provide example |
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Definition
presentation of an aversive stimulus following a response
i was running late for appointment so i drove over the speed limit, as a result a cop pulled me over and gave me a ticket |
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Term
| negative punishment. provide example. |
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Definition
removal of an appetitive stimulus following a response.
i was caught making fun of classmate, so teacher too away my green good behavior car and gave me a red one which excluded me from recess that day. |
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Term
| Define learning theory and name 2 ways people learn |
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Definition
extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior.
observation and imitation |
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Term
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Definition
| observe what someone else does and copy it |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in how people think over time. our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas. |
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Term
| Name and briefly describe Jean Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Definition
Sensorimotor: infants use senses & motor abilities
Preoperational: think magically & poetically; use language
concrete operational: logic, principles, interpret experiences
formal operational:adults abstractions and hypothetical concepts, reason analytically |
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Term
| What is object permanence? At what age do we understand this concept? |
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Definition
understanding that objects exist independently
4-8 months |
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Term
| Name and define 3 concepts that develop during Piaget's intuitive thought sub-stage. |
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Definition
Centration: one characteristic
conservation: characteristic of object stays the same though different in appearance
operations: mental representations that are reversible |
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Term
| Define sociocultural theory |
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Definition
| dynamic interactions of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces. |
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Term
| What is guided participation? |
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Definition
| skilled mentors help novices learn not only by providing instruction, but also by an apprenticeship in thinking |
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Term
| Zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cant master without help |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic origins of behavior and the direct, systematic influence that environmental forces have over time, on genes |
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Term
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Definition
| living creatures adjust to their environment. |
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Term
| What did each of the 5 main developmental theories contribute? |
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Definition
psychoanalytic: importance of childhood experiences
behaviorism: the effect immediate responses have on learning
cognitive: intellectual process affects development
sociocultural: importance of culture
epigenetic: power of genes and their interaction with environment |
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Term
| What is nature? What is nurture? |
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Definition
Nature: genes people inherit
Nurture: environmental influences |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to distinguish b/w one's own perspective & someone else's perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinate several characteristics rather than focus on a single property of an object |
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Term
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Definition
| order stimuli along some quantitative dimension |
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Term
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Definition
| combine relations to understand certain conclusions |
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Term
| Hypothetical-deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems |
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Term
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Definition
| heightened self-consciousness & a sense of personal uniqueness |
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