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Ch. 19: The Kidneys
Chapter Summary Points
42
Physiology
Graduate
09/19/2011

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Term

FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS

 

 

 

What do the Kidneys regulate?

Definition

 

 

1) Extracellular Fluid Volume

2) Blood Pressure

3)Osmolarity

4)pH

Term

FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS


What do the kidneys maintain?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Ion Balance

 

 

Term

FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS

 

 

What do the kidneys excrete?

 

 

 

Definition
Wastes and foreign substances
Term

FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS


In what pathways do the kidneys participate?

Definition
The Endocrine Pathways
Term

 

 

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM 

 

Name the structures that compose the urinary system.

 

 

 

Definition

Two Kidneys

Two Ureters

One Bladder

One Urethra

Term

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

 

How is the kidney arranged in cross-section? 

Definition

An outer cortex

 

 

 

and 

 

 

An inner medulla

Term

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

 

 

Fill in the blank:

 

Each Kidney has about 1 million microscopic (Blank). 

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

Nephrons

Term

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

 

 

 

Describe the route of Renal Arterial Blood Flow. 

Definition

Renal artery --> Afferent Arteriole --> Glomerulus -->

Efferent Arteriole --> Peritubular Capillaries -->

Vasa Recta Capillaries

Term

 

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

 

Describe the route of fluid filtration in the kidneys:

Definition

 

 

Fluid filters from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule. From there it flows through the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Then it drains into the renal pelvis. Urine flows through the ureter to the urinary bladder.

Term

Overview of Kidney Function:

 

 

The movement of fluid from plasma into Bowman's Capsule:

Definition
Filtration
Term

Overview of Kidney Function:

 

 

The movement of filtered materials from tubule to blood:

 

Definition
Reabsorption
Term

Overview of Kidney Function:

 

The movement of selected molecules from blood to tubule:

Definition
Secretion
Term

Overview of Kidney Function:

 

Average Urine Volume/day:

Definition
1.5 L/day
Term

Overview of Kidney Function:

 

Osmolarity of Kidneys:

Definition
Ranges between 50 and 1200 mOsM
Term

Overview of Kidney Function:

 

The urinary excretion of a substance depends on its filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Give the formula for amount of solute secreted:

Definition

 

 

 

 

Amount     Amount          Amount     Amount of Solute

Filtered  -  Reabsorbed + Secreted =       Excreted

Term

FILTRATION:

 

Fill in the blank.

 

One-fifth of (Blank) filters into the tubule lumen.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Renal Plasma Flow

Term

FILTRATION:

 

 

 

The filtration fraction is:

Definition

 

 

 

 

The percentage of total plasma volume that is filtered.

Term

FILTRATION:

 

 

 

What are podocytes and what do they do?

Definition

 

 

 

Specialized cells of the epithelium of Bowman's capsule. They wrap around the glomerular capillaries and create filtration slits

Term

FILTRATION:

 

 Mesangial Cells are associated with (Blank).

Definition

 

 

 

The Glomerular Capillaries

Term

FILTRATION:

 

Describe the pathway of filtered solutes through a renal corpuscle.

Definition

 

 

 

Filtered solutes pass first through glomerular capillary endothelium, then basal lamina, and finally through Bowman's capsule epithelium before reaching the lumen of the Bowman's capsule.

Term

FILTRATION:

 

Describe what is filtered in the renal corpuscle.

 

Definition

 

 

 

Most components of plasma are allowed to enter the tubule. Blood cells and plasma proteins are excluded.

Term

FILTRATION

 

What is the average hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries? What does this indicate?

Definition

 

 

Average hydrostatic pressure = 55 mm Hg

 

 

Indicates a tendency toward filtration.

Term

FILTRATION

 

 

 

Name pressures opposing filtration, there average values, and what this means in relation to hydrostatic pressure.

Definition

 

 

Colloid Osmotic pressure: 30 mm Hg

Hydrostatic capsule fluid pressure: 15 mm Hg

 

The opposing pressures come to a total of 45 mm Hg. Hydrostatic pressure = 55 mm Hg and therefore there is a net driving force of 10 mm Hg favoring filtration.

Term

FILTRATION

 

 

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate, and what is its average value?

Definition

 

 

This is the amount of fluid that filters into Bowman's capsules per unit time. The average value is 125 mL/min or 180 L/day. 

Term

FILTRATION

 

What alters hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries?

Definition

 

 

 

Resistance in the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Term

FILTRATION

 

 

How is autoregulation of glomerular filtration accomplished?

Definition

 

 

It is accomplished by a myogenic response of vascular smooth muscle in response to pressure changes and by tubuloglomerular feedback. When fluid flow through the distal tubule increases, the macula densa cells send a paracrine signal to the afferent arteriole which constricts.

(See fig 19-10 in the text p. 634)

Term

FILTRATION

 

How is reflex control of GFR (glomerular filtration rate) mediated?

Definition

 

 

 

Through systemic signals such as hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

Term

REABSORPTION

 

Where does most reabsorption occur? Where does finely regulated reabsorption occur?

Definition

 

 

Most: in the proximal tubule

 

Finely regulated: the distal segment of the nephron

Term

REABSORPTION

 

What creates concentration gradients for passive reabsorption of urea and other solutes.

Definition

 

 

The active transport of Na+

Term

REABSORPTION

 

 

What is the primary mode of reabsorption? What is an alternative reabsorption pathway?

Definition

 

 

Primary: transepithelial transport

 

Alternative: paracellular pathway

Term

REABSORPTION

 

Name 4 molecules which are reabsorbed by Na+ linked secondary active transport.

Definition

 

 

Glucose

Amino Acids

Ions

Various organic Metabolites

 

Term

REABSORPTION

 

 

Most renal transport is mediated by (Blank) and exhibits (Blank 3x). The (Blank) is the transport rate at saturation.

Definition

 

 

Membrane Proteins

 

Saturation, Specificty, and Competition

 

Transport Maximum (Tm)

Term

REABSORPTION

 

 

What is the renal threshold?

Definition

 

 

 

The plasma concentration at which a substance first appears in the urine. 

Term

REABSORPTION

 

 

What is a primary function of peritubular capillaries?

Definition

 

 

 

They reabsorb fluid along their entire length.

Term

SECRETION

 

How does secretion enhance excretion? What molecules are secreted?

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

Secretion removes solutes from the peritubular capillaries.

 

Secretion removes K+, H+, and a variety of organic compounds.

Term

SECRETION

 

What slows the secretion of a molecule?

Definition

 

 

 

Molecules that compete for renal carriers.

Term

EXCRETION

 

 

The excretion rate depends on:

 

(Two factors)

 

Definition

 

 

1) its filtered load

 

 

2) whether it is reabsorbed or secreted as it passes through the nephron

Term

EXCRETION

 

 

What is clearance?

Definition

 

 

 

How many milliliters of plasma passing through the kidneys have been totally cleared of a solute in a given period of time.

Term

EXCRETION

 

 

Inulin clearance = (Blank)

 

Creatinine is used to measure (same Blank).

Definition

 

 

 

 

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Term

MICTURITION

 

 

What is the external sphincter composed of and what is its state of being except during urination?

Definition

 

 

 

The external sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and it is tonically contracted except during urination.

Term

MICTURITION

 

 

Micturition is a simple (Blank) subject to (Blank) and (Blank) control.

Definition

 

 

Spinal Reflex

 

Conscious

 

Unconscious

Term

MICTURITION

 

 

Describe the roles of the parasympathetic and somatic neurons during micturition.

Definition

 

 

Parasympathetic neurons cause contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall. Somatic motor neurons leading to the external sphincter are simultaneously inhibited.

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