Term
| Proteins that assist a newly formed polypeptide in folding. |
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Definition
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Term
| Events that end transcription or translation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The enzyme that generates the dehydrolysis reaction needed to link amino acids together during translation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Events that elongate either the RNA or polypeptide chain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Term used for multiple ribosomes on the same mRNA transcript. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of RNA that carries the amino acid to the correct site on the ribosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| Start of transcription of translation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that is complimentary to the codon on mRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Subunit of the ribosome that holds the tRNA in place. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term used for the 5' modification of an mRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Events that end transcription or translation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three nucleotide sequence found for a specific amino acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| A box of DNA sequence located in the promoter of most genes where transcription factors bind. |
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Definition
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Term
| Often proteins must be _____________ in the golgi or ER before they become functional. |
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Definition
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Term
| Term used for removal of introns. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coding region of a primary transcript. |
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Definition
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Term
| Subunit of the ribosome that holds the mRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Converting the code of DNA into RNA by RNA polymerase. |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of different amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy used for translation elogation is ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term for the tail modification of an mRNA transcript. |
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Definition
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Term
| Converting the code of RNA into protein by ribosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Post-translational modifications help prevent ____________ by enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme that removes the introns from the primary transcript. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many different combinations are possible using the three nucleotide codon system? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first codon is always this sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| The frame where codons are read in groups of three is called the _________ frame. |
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Definition
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Term
| Region of a gene that is recognized by RNA polymerase. Where initiation begins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small nuclear ribonuclear particles that make up a splicosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-coding region in a primary transcript. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Converting the DNA code into a RNA code by RNA polymerase (single stranded) |
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Term
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Definition
| Converting the RNA code into a protein code made up of amino acids by ribosomes |
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Term
| What are the three parts of a gene? |
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Definition
Promoter
Coding region
Terminator |
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Term
| How are the parts of a gene different in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes? |
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Definition
Eukaryotes: transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes place in the cytoplasm
Prokaryotes: transcription is coupled to translation (since there is no defined nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
The region of a gene that is required for the initiation of transcription.
Recognized by RNA polymerase (+ accessory proteins called transcription factors) |
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Term
| What enzymes bind to the promoter for initiation of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four recognition sequences in a promoter? |
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Definition
TATA Box
Octamer Motif
CAAT Box
GC Box |
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Term
| What class of enzymes recognizes these sequences? (promoter) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a transcription terminator? |
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Definition
| A sequence of DNA in the gene that causes the end of transcription |
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Term
| What is contained in the transcription initiation complex? |
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Definition
| Transcription factors and RNA polymerase |
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Term
| What is the function of RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| Start transcription, moves along the DNA, untwisting the double helix (10-20 bases at a time) as it adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand |
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Term
| What is the function of transcription factors? |
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Definition
| Proteins that recognize the promotor region, especially a TATA box, and bind to the promotor |
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Term
| What post-transcriptional modifications are done to the mRNA after transcription? |
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Definition
5'-cap modificaiton
3'-tail modification
RNA splicing |
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Term
| What is the purpose of each post-transcriptional modifications? |
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Definition
5'-cap: by covalently adding a modified GTP (with a methyl group)to the 5'-end of the mRNA to protect the RNA from degredation by enzymes; it also helps the ribosome recognize the attachment site
3'-tail: addition of a poly A tail (30-200 A's); may inhibit degradation, help attachment to ribosome, regulate protein synthesis by helping move mRNA through the nuclear pores
RNA splicing: removing introns (non-coding sections in the DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
Splicing is accomplished by an enzyme called the spliceosome
The reaction cuts out the introns, leaving only the exons spliced together
Exons can be put together in different orders |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-coding sections in the DNA of a gene that are initially transcribed but not translated because they are removed first |
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Term
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Definition
| Coding sections of a gene that are transcribed and translated into a protein |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme responsible for splicing
formed by lots of snRNP (small nuclear ribonuclear protein particles) and other proteins
Reaction cuts out the introns, leaving only the exons spliced together |
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Term
| What makes up a spliceosome? |
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Definition
| A lot of snRNP (small nuclear ribonuclear protein particles) and other proteins |
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Term
| What is the purpose of RNA splicing? |
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Definition
| Cut out the non-coding introns before the RNA goes into translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins often have a modular architecture with discrete structural and functional regions called domains |
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Term
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Definition
| Three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that ccodes for a specific amino acid |
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Term
| How many different amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many possible codons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Just like the words in a book, the reading frame is important for the translation
THE FAT RED CAT
Starting at H: T HEF ATR EDC AT
Starting at E: TH EFA TRE DCA T
Different frames make very different proteins |
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Term
| What happens if the reading frame is shifted one nucleotide? |
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Definition
| It will produce a different protein such as T HEF ATR EDC AT |
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Term
| What happens if the reading frame is shifted two nucleotide? |
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Definition
| It will produce a different protein such as TH EFA TRE DCA |
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Term
| What happens if the reading frame is shifted three nucleotide? |
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Definition
| The message makes since but part of the message was never read such as FAT RED CAT (THE was overlooked) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer RNA: transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm's pool to a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Each tRNA has a complimentary 3 nucleotide sequence (anti-codon) that base pairs with the codon |
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Term
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Definition
| Large complex of RNA and protein which catalyzes protein translation |
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Term
| How many different subunits make up a ribosome? |
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Definition
| Small sub-unit and large sub-unit |
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Term
| What is the function of the small sub-unit? |
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Definition
| binds to the mRNA and directs it along the ribosome |
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Term
| What is the function of the large sub-unit? |
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Definition
| The large sub-unit contains three sites: A site, P site, and E site. |
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Term
| What enzyme links an animo acid to a tRNA? |
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Definition
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Term
| Are these enzymes different for each amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The site where the next tRNA carrying its amino acid waits to add it to the peptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| This is where the reaction adding the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Exit site that releases the tRNA to go and pick up another amino acid |
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Term
| What is the start codon always? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the start amino acid always? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the translation initiation complex? |
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Definition
| Small ribosomal subunit, mRNA, initiator tRNA, and large ribosomal subunit |
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Term
| What is the function of GTP in initiation and elongation respectively? |
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Definition
Initiation: GTP stabilizes the binding of initiation factors, brings in the large ribosomal subunit, and provides the energy for elongation
Elongation: energy released from the removal of a phosphate in GTP (making GDP) allows the second tRNA to occup the A site of the large ribosomal subunit |
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Term
| What enzymes links the amino acids together during translation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is this type of reaction called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens at translational termination? |
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Definition
| The ribosome reaches a stop codon, translation ends |
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Term
| What are the stop codons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of a release factor? |
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Definition
| Breaks the bond between the polypeptide and the P site tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of ribosomes simultaneously translating an mRNA |
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Term
| What enzymes help proteins fold into their correct 3D shape? |
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Definition
| During and after translation, the protein folds into its secondary and tertiary structures; which is aided by folding assistant proteins called chaparones |
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Term
| What are the three types of chemical post-translational modifications? |
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Definition
Sugar added (glycoproteins)
Lipids added (such as Low Density Lipoproteins or LDL)
Phosphates added |
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Term
| What are the three chain length modifications? |
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Definition
Remove amino acids from the leading end
Divide the polypeptide into two or more proteins
Link two or more proteins together |
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Term
| What is difference for translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
Since prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, transcription is coupled to translation (occur simultaneously)
Multiple ribosomes bind to the RNA as it is being transcribed
*Prokaryote ribosomes are different from eukaryote ribosomes in size and function
**Termination is different |
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