Bones of the Foot

Tibia, Fibula, Cuneiforms, Metatarsals, phalanges

Muscles of the Foot

Gastrocnemius, soleus, achilles tendon, tibialis anterior

Ligaments in the foot

Ant Tibiofibular, Post Tibiofibular, Ant Talofibular, Post Talofibular, Calcaneofibular

Arches of the foot

Pronation (ankles lean inward/low arch), Supination (ankles lean outward/high arch), Neutral (ankles do not lean/normal arch)

Plantar Fascia

thick, white band of fibrous tissue; originates from medical aspect of calcaneous and ends at the heads of the metatarsals; support the foot against downward forces

Movements of the foot

Inversion: towards the midline of the body

Eversion: away from the midline of the body

Dorsiflexion: pointing toes up to the ceiling

Plantar flexion: pointing toes to the ground

Retrocalcaneal Bursitis

"Pump bump" or constant rubbing of the heel counter of shoe; if inflammation continues for many months, a bone callus or exostoses can form

Sg: redness, swelling, tenderness

Treat: heel, cup, doughnut pad 

Plantar Fasciitis

Inflammation of the fascia running iunder length of the foot; caused by leg length discrepency, inflex, tightness of calf, shoe w/out good arch, running on soft surfaces

Pes Planus

Flat feet- rigid=no matter what there is never an arch

Spring= you can get an arch when you lift ur foot off the ground

Pes Cavus

Congenital or neurological disorder

Treat: supportive foot wear or orthotics

Hammer toes/claw toes

-shoes too short and cramp the toes

-overly contracted flexor tendons & overly stretched extensor tendons

-result in hard corns or calluses

Treat: possibly surgical, buy bigger shoes

Foot Fx (fractures)

kicking an object, landing on toe or stubbing a toe

sg: swelling, discoloration, some deformity, loss of motion and pain

Treat: if more than 1 is broken a cast may be applied, wear wide-toe shoes, buddy tape

Jones Fracture

In 5th metatarsal, a stress fx from excessive inversion and plantar flexion occurs

-Sg: immediate swelling and pain over 5th metatarsal; it becomes a Jones fx after nonunion

-Treat:  booting, NWB?, gradual progression to WB?

Bunions

Bunions and hallux valgus deformity on the 5th metatarsalphalangeal Joint is called a Taylor's bunion; caused by wearing narrow shoes; flat feet or pronated feet

Sg: tenderness, swelling, enlargement joint

Treat: surgery, make a wedge, tape, & doughnut pad 

Morton's neuroma

-mass in the comon plantar nerve between the 3rd and 4th metatarsal heads; heads rub together casuing the pain

-dropped arch elicits neuroma 

-Sg: burning in forefoot, apin with hyperextension of toes

-Treat: metatarsal pad, surgery

Turf Toe

hyperextension of great toe spraining the ligaments of greater toe joint

Sg: swelling, pain while pushing off during walk

Treat: tape, ice, flat (rigid) plate in shoe 

Calluses

friction caused by shoe or sock, skin loses elasticity and is highly vulnerable to tears, cracks and ultimately infections

Sg: light pink/red, irritated skin

Treat: correct size shoes, socks, lubricate, shave or file down

***Fool Proof: lubricant, cover, lubricant***

Blisters

Shearing forces acting an the skin; fluid develops between the outer layer of the skin

Sg:visible bubble of fluid, pain

Treat: cover, doughnut pad, dont pop unless you need to, bc of infection  

Corns

forms on top of deformed toe due to improperly fitting shoes; soft corns are located in the web of toes

Treat: wide shoes, use cotton, soak in warm soapy water, corn pads

Subungual Hematoma

Blood under the nail

Treat: ice pack, elevate, drill small hole into nail to release blood in nail bed