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| Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run opposite 5’ -> 3’ directions). |
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| A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
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| A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding on the 3’ end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain). |
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| enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli. |
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| The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis. |
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| The form of a native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
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| The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. |
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| An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. |
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| Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed. |
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| A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in the chromatin structure. |
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| A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’ -> 3’ direction away from the replication fork. |
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| The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5’ -> 3’ direction. |
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| The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides. |
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| An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides. |
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| A non-membrane bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated. |
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| The basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone. |
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| nucleotide excision repair |
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| A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide. |
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| A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. |
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| Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. |
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| A virus that infects bacteria, also known as a bacteriophage. |
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| An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template. |
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| A short stretch of RNA with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication. |
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| A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. |
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| Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parent molecule, and one newly made strand. |
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| single-strand binding proteins |
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| A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as template for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA. |
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells. |
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| The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule. Telomeres protect the organism’s genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. |
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| A protein that breaks, swivels and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork. |
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| A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer. |
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| An infectious particle incapable or replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope. |
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