Term
|
Definition
| pathogen parts synthesized or fragmented internally and transported to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Epitopes / Antigenic determinants |
|
Definition
| special region of the surface of the antigen that has a specific shape and matches with an antigen receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found on B cels and antigen presenting cells (macrophages and leukocytes- B and T cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid containing gases, nutrients, and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells (erythrocytes, platelets, white blood cells-leukocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma without fibrinogen or other clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammatory proteins
clotting factors
complement proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basophils
Eosinophils
neutrophils
mast cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocyte (macrophage)- also includes fixed (langerhans and dendritic) and wandering forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release histamine and heparin (similar to basophils). Play a role in inflammation. First to send signals when tissue damaged. Attachment of IgE antibodies results in allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural Killer, T cells, and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocyte, allergy, parasitic worms |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of Leukocytes (WBCs) |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fragments of megakaryocytic which help with blood clotting by releasing clotting factors. |
|
|
Term
| What does an increased neutrophil count indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an increased lymphocytes count indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid with similar comp as blood plasma and interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic system is made of? (3) |
|
Definition
lymph vessels
lymph cells
lymph tissues and organs (spleen, MALT, GALT, appendix, Peyer's patches) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| house leukocytes and recognize and attack antigens as they flow through. Nodes receive lymph from lymph vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to lymph nodes. Filters bacteria, viruses, toxins, and foreign matter from the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trap foreign particles and microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st line- barriers (innate)
2nd line- non-specific immunity (inflammatory)
3rd line- Specific Immunity |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of specific immunity |
|
Definition
| humoral and cell mediated |
|
|
Term
| what phagocytic cells are found in the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives skin its strength? |
|
Definition
tightly packed surface layers (epidermis)
collagen (protein) gives strength and pliability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sweat glands (salt and lysozymes)
oil glands/sabaceous glands (sebum which contains fatty acids that lower pH and make skin more flexible) |
|
|
Term
| Where are mucous membranes found and what are the two layers? |
|
Definition
respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive
Epithelium and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What traits help trap and destroy microbes in the mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
-goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells
-nasal- mucous and lysozymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tears which contain lysozymes (drain through the nose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation
blood cells
chemicals |
|
|
Term
| What cells release histamine? |
|
Definition
| basophil, platelets, and mast cells |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are released by macrophages? |
|
Definition
| prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation and movement of neutrophils and macrophages (margination and diapedesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. chemotaxis
2. Adherence (opsonization improves this- complement proteins or antibodies)
3. Ingestion
4. Killing (fusions of lysosome--> phagolysosome)
5. Elimination (exocytosis) |
|
|
Term
| What chemicals augments phagocytosis (3) |
|
Definition
1. complement
2. interferon
3. defensins |
|
|
Term
| When does the Alternate Pathway occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the classical pathway occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less efficient than the classical pathway
useful during stages when antibodies haven't been made |
|
|
Term
| Role of Interferons (3 classes) |
|
Definition
alpha, beta, gamma
inhibits the spread of viruses
synthesized by host cells
bind to adjacent cells and prevent infection |
|
|
Term
| alpha and beta interferons |
|
Definition
produced early
bind to nearby cells and stimulate secretion of antiviral proteins (degrade sdRNA and inhibit protein synth)
signals NK cells to the area by release of INF-a and INF-b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced by T lymphocyte and NK cells (later in infection)
stimulates phagocytic activity of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Defensins (what do they do and what makes them?) |
|
Definition
peptides that punch holes in membrane. Interfere with 3D shape of proteins.
-Made by NK cells, neutrophils, lymphocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever by triggering hypothalamus to increase body temp (muscle contractions, increase BMR, constriction of blood vessels. Chills due to reduced blood flow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacterial toxins
-antibody-antigen complex
-Interleukin-I
-bacterial cytoplasmic contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. enhances interferons
2. inhibits microorganism growth
3. may enhance phagocyte activity, specific immunity, and tissue repair |
|
|
Term
| What connects the second and third line of defense? |
|
Definition
| Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) |
|
|
Term
| How do APC's present foreign material? |
|
Definition
-phagocytize pathogens
-DIgest into antigenic fragments
-Bind fragments to antigen binding groove on MHCII and export to outside of membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Adaptive Immune Responses? (3rd line) |
|
Definition
| Humoral and Cell-mediated |
|
|
Term
| What 3 traits make the 3rd line of defense more effective? |
|
Definition
Adaptive- can recognize and defend against specific invaders
Memory- allows to respond quickly on second encounter
Specific Response- to a specific pathogen |
|
|
