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The First Law of Thermodynamics is
1.name
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Definition
1.the law of conservation of energy
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the law of conservation of energy def
ΔU= |
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Definition
(ΔU)change in internal energy of a closed system will be equal to:
the energy added to
the system (Q) - the work done by
the system on its
surroundings. |
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If heat is added to a system ([image]) and no change in internal energy of the system occurs ([image]), then the system must do __________ work on the outside world.
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| An isothermal process def |
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| temperature does not change. |
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| In order for an isothermal process to take place, we assume the system is in contact with a _______ |
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Definition
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Definition
there is no heat flow:
IN or OUT of the system. |
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Definition
| occurs at constant pressure |
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| isovolumetric process def |
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Definition
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| second law of thermodynamics def |
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Definition
Heat CAN flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object;
it will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object. |
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| heat engine; mechanical energy can be obtained from thermal energy only when heat can flow from |
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Definition
| higher→lower temperature. |
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Heat Engines engines that run in a repeating cycle have a change in internal energy of _____ in a cycle , as the system returns to its initial state. |
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Definition
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| Carnot engine was created in order to |
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Definition
| examine the efficiency of a heat engine. |
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Definition
1.has no friction
2.Each leg of its cycle is reversible |
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| The Carnot cycle consists of |
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Definition
• Isothermal expansion
• Adiabatic expansion
• Isothermal compression
• Adiabatic compression |
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from the formula of the ideal reversible engine efficiency, why can we say that 100% efficiency is impossible?
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Definition
| the cold reservoir(Tc ) has to be at absolute zero |
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| why do Real engines only achieve 60-80% of the Carnot value of efficiency? |
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Definition
| loose heat due other things like friction |
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Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
how do these work?
(think about the engine works) |
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Definition
as heat engines in reverse:
By doing work, heat is extracted from the cold reservoir (makes the fridge cold) and exhausted to the hot reservoir. |
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Term
Another statement of the second law of thermodynamics( in reference to Entropy):
The total entropy of an isolated system never (increase /decrease.) |
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Definition
| The total entropy of an isolated system never decreases |
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Definition
is a measure of the disorder of a system.
Natural processes tend to move toward a state of greater disorder.
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Definition
the uniform final state has more disorder than the separate temperatures in the initial state.
ex:If you put milk and sugar in your coffee and stir it, you wind up with coffee that is uniformly milky and sweet. No amount of stirring will get the milk and sugar to come back out of solution. = only energy can seperate these components |
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the heat death of the universe def |
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Definition
In any natural process, some energy becomes unavailable to do useful work. |
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| Efficiency is always less |
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Definition
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Entropy increases when heat is ______ , and decreases when heat is ________
(added or removed) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is specified by giving its macroscopic properties – temperature, pressure, and so on. |
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| A microstate of a system describes (2) |
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Definition
| the position and velocity of every particle. |
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