Term
| What are the modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| Diabetes, hypertension, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and high cholesterol |
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Term
| What are the non modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
Age
Gender
Race
Family history |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
1.) Ischemia: An inadequate blood supply that deprives the cardiac muscle cells of oxygen needed for their survival
2.) Angina pectoris: Chest pain that is brought about by myocardial ischemia |
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Term
| What are the Classic signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia? |
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Definition
| acute onset of chest pain, shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, diaphoresis, and nausea and vomiting |
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Term
| How is atherosclerosis managed? |
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Definition
Control cholesterol (animal/animal products) levels:
Diet, exercise, medication, smoking cessation
Manage hypertension
Manage diabetes |
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Term
|
Definition
Almost always associated with a significant obstruction of a major coronary artery
Anginal pain can have widely varying characteristics
Diagnosis is usually by history, ECG, and cardiac biomarker analysis |
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Term
| What biomarker analysis is used for angina pectoris? |
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Definition
ST ELEVATION OR DEPRESSION = HEART ATTACK
CK -> CKMB -> TROPONIN (Q6/8 hrs) |
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Term
| What does OANM stand for? |
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Definition
-Oxygen
-Asprin
-Nitro
-Morphine |
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Term
| What is the initial care of the cardiac postoperative patient? |
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Definition
| Initial postoperative care focuses on hemodynamic stability and recovery from general anesthesia |
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Term
| What is the later care of a cardiac postoperative patient? |
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Definition
| monitoring of cardiopulmonary status, pain management, wound care, progressive activity, and nutrition |
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Term
| What is important to maintain in the postoperative cardiac patient? |
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Definition
Restoring cardiac output
Maintaining adequate tissue perfusion
Maintaining body temperature
Preventing infection
Preventing fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Preventing impaired gas exchange
Promoting cerebral circulation
Pain control |
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Term
| What is a myocardial infarction? |
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Definition
| Death of a portion of heart muscle |
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Term
| What are the diagnostic tools used for an MI? |
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Definition
| ECG changes and analysis of cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, myoglobin, troponin [0.01 IS NORMAL] ). |
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Term
| What can an EKG diagnose? |
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Definition
Unstable angina
ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI):
Non–ST-segment elevation MI (Non-STEMI) |
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Term
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Definition
| A metal mesh that provides structural support to a vessel at risk of acute closure |
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Term
| What is the medication management of an MI? |
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Definition
| Medications include aspirin (antiplatelet), nitroglycerin (potent coronary vasodilator reduce preload and afterload), morphine (pain), beta blockers (decrease HR/BP, reduces O2 demand), ACE inhibitors (Drop BP do not effect HR), and statins (circulation issue could be due to cholesterol), thrombolytics, analgesics, Reperfusion therapy, Cardiac rehabilitation |
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Term
| When are thrombolytics given for an MI? |
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Definition
| STEMI! Fully blocked artery |
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Term
| When are thrombolytics NOT given for an MI? |
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Definition
| DO NOT GIVE: Timeframe, age, blood pressure is too high, recent surgery or trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coronary artery bypass graft used to replace blocked arteries |
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Term
| What is Percutaneous transluminal coronary/• Percutaneous coronary angioplasty? |
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Definition
| Balloon is inserted into the coronary arteries to compress cholesterol against sides of arteries |
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Term
| What is Prinzmetal’s angina? |
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Definition
Variant angina.
Pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation that is thought to be caused by coronary artery vasospasm |
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Term
| What is acute coronary syndrome? |
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Definition
A heart attack or MI.
Unstable angina and acute MI |
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Term
|
Definition
-Statin
-Ace
-Arb
-Beta Blocker |
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Term
| What are Statins used for |
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Definition
| Controlling cholesterol levels in the body |
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Term
| What are the side effects of statins? |
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Definition
-Myopathy
-Increased liver enzymes
-Rhabdomyosis |
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