Term
| Examples of noncommunicable diseases |
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Definition
| Clostridium tetani; botulism |
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Term
| Examples of endemic diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of acute diseases |
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Definition
| Influenza; SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) |
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Term
| Examples of chronic diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of diseases acquired through unpasteurized milk or uncooked meat |
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Definition
| meat-Trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, campylobacter; Milk - Salmonella, E.coli O157:H7, listeria, brucella |
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Term
| Estimates of the normal flora number in human body |
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Definition
| cell-for-cell microbes outnumber human cells 10 to 1 |
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Term
| Responsible government agency for tracking diseases |
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Definition
| Center for disease control (CDC) Atlanta Georgia. Track diseases and health concerns |
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Term
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Definition
| soil and food, home-canned food |
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Term
| What is the virulence factor in the pathiogenesis of botulism |
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Definition
| TOXIN prevents acetylcholine release in the muscle cell motor endplate, keeps muscles from contracting |
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Term
| The most frequently used route of infection |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of capsule and its benefits to the bacterium |
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Definition
| capsule prevents phagocytosis. Not easily washed off. self protectant so antibiotic has difficulty penetrating. |
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Term
| Where the mucous membranes are present in the human body |
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Definition
| oral and nasal cavity, respiratory tract |
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Term
| Requirement for infection to happen. Sequence of process of infection |
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Definition
1.Portal of entry
2.Infectious dose (# pathogens)
3.Attaching to host
4.Surviving the host defenses
(5.Exit host and be transmitted to another host) |
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Term
| Sterile and non-sterile locations in the human body |
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Definition
Sterile-internal organs
Non-sterile skin, upper respiratory tract, GI tract, genital tract, urinary tract (T 13.1) |
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Term
| Differences between exotoxins and endotoxins |
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Definition
Exotoxin:
*secreted by living bacterial cell into infected tissues
*proteins with a strong specificity for a target cell and extremely powerful, sometimes deadly
Endotoxin:
*released after the cell is damaged or lysed.
*lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which are part of the outer membrane of gram negative cell wall released from the cells walls of dead cells |
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Term
| Examples of Virulence Factors in the microbial cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of diseases contracted thru respiratory tract |
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Definition
Bacteria: -streptococcal sore throat, meningitis, diphtheria, whooping cough.
Viruses: -influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, common cold.
Pneumonia causing microbes: -Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Mycoplasma, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystitis, Histoplasma, Mycobacteria. |
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Term
| Examples of diseases contracted thru GI tract |
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Definition
| -Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio, certain strains of E.coli, polio virus, hepatitis A, rotavirus, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia. |
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Term
| Examples of diseases contracted thru skin |
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Definition
| Parenteral. Staph, MRSA. Needs break in the skin. |
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Term
| Examples of diseases contracted thru GU tract |
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Definition
| STDs: Human papilloma virus, Trichomoniasis, Chlamydiosis, Herpes simplex, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, Syphilis, AIDS. |
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Term
| Differences between extoxins and endotoxins |
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Definition
Exotoxins: protein, specified for target cell, toxin mole secreted by living cell into infected tissue.
Endotoxin: Lipopolysaccharide; released after cell is damaged or lysed. |
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Term
| Most common nosocomial infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Measures to control nosocomial infection |
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Definition
1. Practicing aseptic techniques
2. Handling contaminated material carefully.
3. Frequent and thourough hand washing.
4. Educaating staff members basic infection control measures.
5. Using isolation rooms and wards.
6. Any possible avoidance of medical procedures that can lead with high probability to nosocomial infection.
3. |
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Term
| Name 3 Emerging infectious diseases (T14.6) |
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Definition
MICROORGANISM / DISEASE CAUSED
1. Bacillus anthracis / Anthrax
2. Bordetella pertussis / Whooping cough
3. Hepatitis C virus / Hepatitis |
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Term
What does STORCH stand for?
°What is it? |
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Definition
Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases (hep B,AIDS,Chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes.
°Cluster of diseases that can infect the fetus or newborns. |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristics:
Clostridial pathogens are well known for their ability to produce powerful toxins.
Disease:
C. botulinum: botulism
C. difficile: antibiotic-associated diarrhea, antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
C. perfingens: food poisoning, gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), enteritis necroticans
C. tetani: tetanus |
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Term
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Definition
Virulence factors: Exoenzyme, Toxin
Characteristic: Clostridial pathogens produce powerful toxins.
Disease: C. botulinum: botulism |
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Term
| Examples of diseases caused by Exotoxin AND their causative agents |
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Definition
EXOTOXIN/AGENT:
1.Clostridium tetani / tetanus
2.Clostridium botulinum / botulism
3.Corynebacterium diphtheriae / diphtheria
4.Vibrio cholerae / cholera
5.E.coli O157:H7 / hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
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Term
| Examples of diseases caused by Endotoxin AND their causative agents |
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Definition
ENDOTOXIN/AGENT:
1.Salmonella typhi / typhoid fever
2.Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcal meningitis
3.Proteus spp / urinary tract infection |
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Term
| Difference between True pathogen and opportunistic pathogen: |
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Definition
| True pathogen can cause disease in healthy person to whereas Opportunistic can cause disease when host immune defenses are compromised or in a part of the body that is not natural to them. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Evidence of microbe in every case
2. Isolate microbe from infected subject & cultivate it artificially in lab
3. Inoculate a healthy subject with lab isolate and observe same disease
4. Reisolate agent from this subject. |
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Term
| Enzymes can break down & damage tissues or break down host defense barrier |
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Definition
a. Mucinase digest protective mucous membrane/is factor in amoebic dysentry
b. Keratinase digest keratin of the skin & hair (dermatophytes)
c. Hyaluronidase digest hyaluronic acid, is cement of animal cells. This enzyme is virulence factor in Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus infection.
d. Streptokinase produced by streptococci, lyses blood clot and allow bacteria to gain entrance in damaged tissues
e. Streptase, marketed as therapy to dissolve blood clots |
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