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Ch. 13-Behind the Scenes: How the Internet Works
N/A
70
Computer Science
Undergraduate 1
08/16/2015

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Term
Applet
Definition
A small application located on a server; when requested, the applet is downloaded to the client.
Term
Cascading Style Sheet
Definition
A list of rules that defines in one single location how to display HTML elements.
Term
CGI Script
Definition
A CGI program file.
Term
CGI-Bin
Definition
On a web server, a directory created by the network administrator who configures the web server.
Term
Circuit Switching
Definition
When a dedicated connection is formed between two points (such as two people on telephones) & the connection remains active for the duration of the transmission.
Term
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Definition
An Internet addressing scheme that allows a single Internet protocol (IP) address to represent several unique IP addresses by adding a network prefix to the last octet.
Term
Client/Server Model
Definition
A model of network communications where a client device such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone uses browsers to request services from networks that make up the Internet.
Term
Client-Side Program
Definition
A program that runs on the client computer & that requires no interaction with a web server.
Term
Commerce Server
Definition
Computers that host software that enables users to buy goods & services over the web.
Term
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Definition
A method of designing programs that provides a methodology by which a browser can request a program file be executed instead of just being delivered to the browser.
Term
Computer Protocol
Definition
A set of rules for exchanging electronic information.
Term
Connectionless Protocol
Definition
A protocol that a host computer can use to send data over the network without establishing a direct connection with any specific recipient computer.
Term
Connection-Oriented Protocol
Definition
A protocol for exchanging information that requires two computers to exchange control packets, thereby setting up parameters of the data-exchange session, before sending packets that contain data.
Term
Document Object Model (DOM)
Definition
Used by JavaScript to organize objects & page elements.
Term
Domain Name System (DNS) Server
Definition
A server that maintains a database of domain names & converts domain names to Internet protocol addresses.
Term
Dotted Decimal Number (Dotted Quad)
Definition
The form of an Internet protocol address, where sets of numerals are separated by decimals, i.e., 197.169.73.63
Term
Dynamic Addressing
Definition
A way of assigning Internet protocol addresses where a computer is assigned a temporary address from an available pool of addresses.
Term
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Definition
A protocol for assigning dynamic internet protocol addresses.
Term
Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
Definition
A combination of technologies-HTML, cascading style sheets, & JavaScript-used to create lively & interactive websites.
Term
Element
Definition
In HTML, a pair of tags & the text between them.
Term
E-mail Server
Definition
A server whose sole function is to process & deliver incoming & outgoing e-mail.
Term
Encryption
Definition
The process of coding e-mail so that only the person with the key to the code (the intended recipient) can decode the message.
Term
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Definition
A markup language that enables designers to define their own data-based tags, making it much easier for a website to transfer the key information on its page to another site; it defines what data is being described rather than how it's to be displayed.
Term
File Server
Definition
A server that stores & manages files for network users or that acts as a storehouse for files that users can download.
Term
Handshaking
Definition
In a connection-oriented protocol, the process of exchanging control packets before exchanging data packets.
Term
Hexadecimal Digit
Definition
A digit with 16 possible values: 0-9 & A-F.
Term
HTML Embedded Scripting Language
Definition
A programming language that tucks programming code directly within the HTML of a web page; the most popular example is JavaScript.
Term
HTML Tag
Definition
Tags that surround & define HTML content (such as & , which indicate bolding).
Term
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Definition
The protocol that allows files to be transferred from a web server so that you can see them on your computer by using a browser.
Term
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Service (HTTPS)
Definition
The Internet protocol that ensures data is sent securely over the web.
Term
Internet Backbone
Definition
The main pathway of high-speed communication lines over which all Internet traffic flows.
Term
Internet Cache
Definition
A section of the hard drive that stores information that may be needed again, such as Internet protocol addresses & frequently accessed web pages.
Term
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN)
Definition
The organization that registers Internet protocol addresses to ensure they're unique & haven't been assigned to other users.
Term
Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
Definition
A way of connecting Internet service providers (ISPs) that's made up of one or more network switches to which the ISPs connect.
Term
Internet Protocol (IP)
Definition
One of the original two protocols developed for the Internet.
Term
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
Definition
The original Internet protocol addressing scheme, created in 1981.
Term
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Definition
An Internet protocol (IP) addressing scheme that makes IP addresses longer, thereby providing more available addresses.
Term
IP Address
Definition
See Internet Protocol (IP) address.
Term
JavaScript
Definition
A scripting language that's often used to add interactivity to web pages; often used for creating Dynamic HTML effects.
Term
JSON
Definition
Stands for JavaScript Object Notation; a syntax for exchanging text information between computers.
Term
Key Pair
Definition
The two keys used in public-key encryption.
Term
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
Definition
Specification for sending files as attachments to e-mail.
Term
Negative Acknowledgment (NAK)
Definition
In data exchange, the communication sent from one computer or system to another stating that it did not receive a data packet in readable form.
Term
Network Prefix
Definition
The slash & number added to the end of an internet protocol (IP) address that allows a single IP address to represent several unique IP addresses in classless interdomain routing.
Term
Octet
Definition
A reference to each of the four numbers in a dotted decimal number internet protocol address, so called because each number would have eight numerals in binary form.
Term
Open System
Definition
A system having the characteristic of being public for access by any interested party; as opposed to a proprietary system.
Term
Optical Carrier (OC) Line
Definition
A high-speed fiber-optic line.
Term
Packet (Data Packet)
Definition
A small segment of data that is bundled for sending over transmission media. Each packet contains the address of the computer or peripheral device to which it's being sent.
Term
Packet Switching
Definition
A communications methodology that makes computer communication efficient; in packet switching, data is broken into smaller chunks called packets.
Term
Point of Presence (POP)
Definition
A bank of modems, servers, routers, & switches through which Internet users connect to an Internet service provider.
Term
Positive Acknowledgment
Definition
In data exchange, the confirmation sent from one computer or system to another saying that the computer has received a data packet that it can read.
Term
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
Definition
A public-key package for encryption available for download on the Internet.
Term
Private Key
Definition
The key for decoding retained as private in public-key encryption.
Term
Private-Key Encryption
Definition
A type of encryption where only the two parties involved in sending the message have the code.
Term
Proprietary System
Definition
A system having the characteristic of being closed to public access (private) as opposed to an open system.
Term
Public Key
Definition
The key for coding distributed to the public in public-key encryption.
Term
Public-Key Encryption
Definition
A type of encryption where two keys, known as a key pair, are created. One key is used for coding & the other for decoding. The key for coding is distributed as a public key, while the private key is retained for decoding.
Term
Root DNS Server
Definition
A domain name system (DNS) server that contains the master listings for an entire top-level domain.
Term
Second-Level Domain
Definition
A domain that's directly below a top-level domain.
Term
Secure Sockets Layer
Definition
A network security protocol that provides for the encryption of data transmitted using the Internet. The current versions of all major web browsers support SSL.
Term
Server-Side Program
Definition
A type of program that runs on a web server rather than a computer.
Term
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Definition
The protocol responsible for sending e-mail along the Internet to its destination; part of the Internet Protocol suite.
Term
Static Addressing
Definition
A way of assigning internet protocol addresses where the address for a computer never changes & is most likely assigned manually by a network administrator or an Internet service provider.
Term
T Line
Definition
A communications line that carries digital data over twisted-pair wires.
Term
TCP/IP
Definition
The main suite of protocols used for transmitting data over the Internet. Named after Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) & the Internet Protocol (IP).
Term
Three-Way Handshake
Definition
In Transmission Control Protocol, the process used to establish a connection between two computers before exchanging data. The steps in a three-way handshake are as follows: One computer establishes a connection the Internet service provider (ISP) & announces it has e-mail to send. The ISP server responds that it's ready to receive, & the computer acknowledges the ready state of the server & begins to transmit the e-mail.
Term
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Definition
One of the original two protocols developed for the Internet.
Term
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Definition
An updated extension of Secure Sockets Layer.
Term
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Definition
An Internet Protocol that creates data packets across the Internet.
Term
Web Server
Definition
A computer running a specialized operating system that enables it to host web pages (& other information) & to provide requested web pages to clients.
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