Term
| nucleoside diphosphate kinase |
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Definition
| carries phosphoryl groups from ATP to other nucleotides (2 step) |
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Term
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Definition
| takes ADP to replenish ATP that accumulates from nucleoside diphosphate kinase |
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Term
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Definition
| uses phosphocreatine as source of phosphoryl group for ADP to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphoryl reservoirs like phosphocreatine or inorganic polyphosphate |
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Term
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Definition
(or dehydrogenases) catalyze reactions NADH/NADPH reactions
A and B type |
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Term
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Definition
from deficiency in niacin
4 D's |
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Term
| 3 catabolic fates for pyruvate |
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Definition
1. aerobic conditions: oxidized, citric acid cycle; ATP synthesis
2. lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate reduced to lactate
3. ethanol fermentation
also anabolic fates for synthesis of alanine/fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
step 1 of glycolysis
glucose to glucose 6-phosphate with MgATP2-
binds glucose and ATP to bring them close together
4 isozymes: IV in liver |
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Term
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Definition
step 2 of glycolysis
glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
aldose to ketose
ring opens, cis-enediol intermediate
reversible |
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Term
| phosphofructokinase-I (PFK-I) |
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Definition
step 3 of glycolysis
fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
irreversible; key regulation point
phsophoryl from ATP (some bac. use PPi)
allosteric regulation by [ATP] |
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Term
| fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase |
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Definition
step 4 of glycolysis
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleaved to 2 triose phosphates
reversible aldol condensation
get glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Schiff base int. |
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Term
| triose phosphate isomerase |
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Definition
step 5 of glycolysis
converts dihydroxyacetone to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
reversible and rapid |
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Term
| glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
step 6 of glycolysis
oxidizes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
using inorganic phosphate
NAD+ reduced to NADH
first energy conserving reaction: acyl phosphate formed has high ∆G of hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
step 7 of glycolysis
transfers phosphoryl group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate's acyl phosphate to ADP making 3-phosphoglycerate
substrate level phosphorylation
reversible
named for reverse reaction |
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Term
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Definition
step 8 of glycolysis
shift of phosphoryl group from C-3 to C-2 to 2-phosphoglycerate
2 steps with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate int.
mutase has to be charged/phosphorylated with 2,3-bpg in the first place to work
reversible |
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Term
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Definition
step 9 of glycolysis
dehydration: removes H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (a high potential compound)
reversible
redistributes the electrons |
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Term
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Definition
step 10 of glycolysis
transfer of phosphoryl group from PEP to ADP yielding pyruvate in enol form which tautomerizes to keto form
named for reverse reaction |
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Term
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Definition
too few pancreatic beta-cells that release insulin which triggers glucose uptake by cells (GLUT4 transporters)
high blood glucose can't get into cells
fatty acid catabolism for ATP syn. releases ketone bodies in blood which causes ketoacidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
reduces pyruvate to lactate and reoxidizes NADH to NAD+ (important to replenishing NAD+)
also reverse reaction in gluconeogenesis step 1 |
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Term
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Definition
thiamine pyrophosphate coenzyme need by pyruvate decarboxylase
involved in reactions that break a carbon-carbon bond
acts as electron sink |
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Term
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Definition
another way to replenish NAD+
pyruvate decarboxylase decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde (irreversibly)
alcohol dehydrogenase reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol (oxidizing NADH) |
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Term
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Definition
gluconeogenesis step 1
with coenzyme biotin converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate
uses ATP |
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Term
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Definition
gluconeogenesis step 1
reduces oxaloacetate to malate in mitochondria using NADH so it can leave mitochondria and get reoxidized to oxaloacetate in cytosol producing NADH |
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Term
| phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
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Definition
gluconeogenesis bypass 1
converts oxaloacetate to PEP using GTP |
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Term
| three gluconeogenesis bypass reactions |
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Definition
step 1 pyruvate to PEP
step 9 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
step 11 glucose 6-phosphate to glucose |
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Term
| fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase |
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Definition
gluconeogenesis step 9 (2nd bypass)
hydrolyzes one phosphate at C-1 from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to form fructose 6-phosphate and Pi
irreversible |
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Term
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Definition
gluconeogenesis step 11 (3rd bypass)
hydrolysis of phosphate esterto yield glucose and Pi |
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Term
| glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
pentose phosphate pathway step 1
oxidizes glucose 6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono-∂-lactone
NADP+ reduced to NADPH
regulated by NADP+ levels (high increases activity) |
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Term
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Definition
pentose phosphate pathway step 2
hydrolyzes lactone to 6-phosphogluconate |
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Term
| 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| oxidizes/decarboxylates 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate (NADP+ reduced to NADPH) |
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Term
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Definition
pentose phosphate pathway step 4
converts ribulos 5-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate (nucleotide synthesis precursor) |
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Term
| transketolase/transaldolase |
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Definition
pentose phosphate pathway rearranging ribose 5-phosphate back to glucose 6-phosphate
so more NADPH can be produced |
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