Term
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Definition
| Used to stop bacterial infections. Natural compounds that come from microbes themselves. |
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Term
| What is pencillin derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is vancomycin derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A new protein antibiotic that works against gram NEG and POS and the drug-resistant strains |
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Term
| What is antimicrobial therapy? |
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Definition
| Involves the use of drugs to control infection in the body. |
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Term
| What are the two ways antimicrobial therapy is produce? |
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Definition
| Synthetically and naturally |
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Term
| Antibiotics are produced by the ______ _______ _______ of aerobic microorganisms. |
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Definition
| natural metabolic processes. |
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Term
| Which strains of bacteria produce the most antibiotics? |
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Definition
| Streptomyces and bacillus |
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Term
| How are antimicrobial drugs classified? |
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Definition
| Their range of effectiveness. Broad or narrow spectrum. |
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Term
| What are broad spectrum antibiotics effective against? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are narrow spectrum antibiotics effective against? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria and Fungi are the primary sources of most currently used antibiotics. T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antimicrobials are classified into 20 major drug families based on what? |
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Definition
Chemical composition
Source or origin
Their site of action |
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Term
| Majority of antimicrobials are effective against? Limted number are effective against? |
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Definition
Bacteria.
Protozoa, helminthes, fungi, and viruses |
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Term
| What are the 5 main cellular targets for antibiotics in microbes? |
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Definition
1.)Cell wall synthesis
2.)Nucleic acid structure
3.)Protein synthesis
4.)Cell membrane
5.)Folic acid synthesis |
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Term
| Which drugs effect cell wall synthesis? |
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Definition
| Penicillin, Vancomyocin, Bacitracin |
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Term
| Which drugs effect protein synthesis in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Tetracycline, erythromyocin, and ketolides |
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Term
| Which drugs effect the synthesis of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
| Sulfanomides, teimethoprim, fluoroquinolones |
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Term
| Which drugs effect cell membranes? |
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Definition
| Polymyxins and daptomycin |
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Term
| What does parenterally mean? |
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Definition
| Inserted into a muscle or vein |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex association that arises from a mixture of microorganisms growing together on the surface of a habitat. |
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Term
| Bacteria in biofilms respond differently to antibiotics than when they are free floating. It's more difficult to erradicate biofilms on the human body. T of F? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why must fungi antimicrobials be monitored carefully? |
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Definition
| Because of the potential toxicity to the infected host. |
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Term
| What makes parasites hard to kill with antiparasitic drugs? |
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Definition
| Parasites are eukaryotes and have many life stages that make them drug resistant. |
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Term
| How do antihelminthic drugs work? |
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Definition
| Immobilizes or disintegrates infesting helminths or inhibits their metabolism. |
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Term
| How do antiviral drugs work? |
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Definition
| Interfere with the viral replication by blocking viral entry into cells, blocking the actual process, or preventing the assembly of viral subunits into complete virons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that closely resembles another in chemical structure |
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Term
| What is a nucelotide? Are many antiviral agents analogs of nucleotides? If so, how do they work? |
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Definition
| Basic structural unit of DNA and RNA. Yes. They inactivate the replication process when incorporated into viral nucleic acid. |
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Term
| How do HIV antivirals work? |
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Definition
| Interferes with reverse transcriptase or proteases to prevent the maturation of viral particles |
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Term
| What is a commerical interferon? |
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Definition
| Has some use against viral infections and cancer |
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Term
| How do viruses become drug resistant? |
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Definition
| Can acquire genes that code for methods of inactivating or escaping the antimicrobial or acquire mutations that affect the drugs impact. |
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Term
| What has widespread indiscriminate use of antimicrobials result in? |
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Definition
| An explosion of microorganisms resistant to all common drugs. |
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Term
| What are pro and prebiotics? |
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Definition
| Methods of crowding out pathogenic bacteria and providing a favorable environment for the growth of beneficial bacteria. |
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Term
| What are 3 major side effects of antimicrobials? |
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Definition
1.)toxicity to organs
2.)allergic rxn
3.)problems from alterations to normal flora |
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Term
| Antimicrobials that destroy most but not all normal biota can allow the unaffected normal biota to overgrow and cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 major considerations when choosing an effective antimicrobial? |
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Definition
1.)nature of the infecting microbe
2.)microbe's sensitivity to available drugs
3.)overall medical status of the infected host |
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Term
| What is the Kirby-Bauer test? |
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Definition
| Identifies antimicrobials that are effective against a specific infectious bacterial isolate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Identifies the smallest effective dose of an antimicrobial toxic to the microbe |
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Term
| What is the therapeutic index? |
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Definition
| Ratio of the amount of drug toxic to the infected host and the MIC. The smaller the ratio, the greater the potential for toxic host-drug reactions. |
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Term
| What has compromised the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs? |
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Definition
| innapropriate perscriptions, use of broad-spectrum drugs, sale of over-the-counter drugs in other countries. |
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