Term
| How many quarts of blood does the heart pump per minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of blood filling the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The peripheral resistance that the heart must overcome to pump blood systemically |
|
|
Term
| Which is more important: BLOOD or O2 in HEMOGLOBIN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fxn of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
Transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Transport waste products to organs for excretion |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the outer layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inner layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle/muscular layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when blood fills the sac that holds the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gross anatomy of the heart? |
|
Definition
2 upper chambers Atria
2 lower chambers Ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the heart beats first? (LUB) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the ventricles pump at the same time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the P wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the QRS wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart relaxing and filling with blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood flow FROM the body? |
|
Definition
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD GETS PICKED UP THEN:
To the superior and inferior vena cava
Then to the right atrium
Through the tricuspid valve
To the right ventricle
Through the pulmonic valve
To the pulmonary artery
To the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood flow FROM THE LUNGS? |
|
Definition
OXYGENATED BLOOD IS PICKED UP THEN:
To the pulmonary veins
To the left atrium
Through the mitral valve
To the left ventricle
Through the aortic valve
To the aorta
To the body |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pulmonary artery bring the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pulmonary vein bring the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the tricuspid valve separate? |
|
Definition
| right atrium from right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What does the mitral valve separate? |
|
Definition
| left atrium from left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What does the pulmonic valve separate? |
|
Definition
| right ventricle from pulmonary system |
|
|
Term
| What does the aortic valve separate? |
|
Definition
| left ventricle from aorta |
|
|
Term
| How does stenosis effect the valves? |
|
Definition
| They are left open and are noncompliant |
|
|
Term
| How does prolapse effect the valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the ventricles, which side is bigger? Why? |
|
Definition
| L! HIgher resistance to pump against so it must be larger. Also requires a larger oxygen demand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of blood ejected with each beat |
|
|
Term
| What is stroke volume dependent on? |
|
Definition
Amount of blood entering heart Preload
Contractility
Resistance (B/P) Afterload |
|
|
Term
| What happens with vasodilation? |
|
Definition
| Vessels dilate, BP drops, patient drops |
|
|
Term
| What happens with vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| Vessels constrict, BP raises, patient raises |
|
|
Term
| What is ejection fraction? |
|
Definition
| Stroke volume can be calculated using measurements of ventricular volumes from an echocardiogram. |
|
|
Term
| Where is ejection fraction usually measured from? |
|
Definition
| in the left ventricle (LV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac output Amount of blood pumped each minute. |
|
|
Term
| How is cardiac output calculated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does valve dysfxn cause? |
|
Definition
| DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT! (VD) |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of valve dysfxn? |
|
Definition
Congenital malformation
Inflammation, infection, trauma |
|
|
Term
| What does muscle damage cause? |
|
Definition
| DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT! (MD) |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of muscle damage? |
|
Definition
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Muscle Weakening |
|
|
Term
| What does conduction problems cause? |
|
Definition
| DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT (CP) |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of conduction problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is effectiveness of the heart measured? |
|
Definition
Electrical
Ability to fill and empty
Strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
| Why is tissue perfusion important? |
|
Definition
Your body needs O2 which is carried in BLOOD!
Cells receive oxygen, glucose, ions
Vital organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural receptors maintain perfusion via vasoconstriction or dilatation |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of blood? |
|
Definition
RBC: O2 Carried on hemoglobin
Plasma: Carries electrolytes, minerals, nutrients
Volume/viscosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue death caused by inadequate perfusion. Causes pain, organ/tissue dysfxn. |
|
|
Term
| What does decreased tissue perfusion cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clot/mass that develops in artery or vein
Most likely in deep veins of the legs |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for thrombus? |
|
Definition
| Post-op, immobile, clotting disorder, pregnancy, oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| What is a thrombus in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a thrombus in the brain called? |
|
Definition
| Ischemia cardiovascular accident |
|
|
Term
| What can a thrombus in the heart cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chest pain due to decreased coronary blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What is intermittent claudication? |
|
Definition
| Limb pain due to poor blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What kind of volume problems can cause a pump problem? |
|
Definition
Hypovolemia
Hypovolemic shock
Excess fluid volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If you don't have enough RBC circulating in blood, your tissues are not receiving the O2 necessary to work and your heart will have to pump faster thus causing a greater O2 need. |
|
|
Term
| Why do you raise a patient's feet if they experience pallor? |
|
Definition
| Blood is not being returned to their heart via veins. |
|
|
Term
| Why do you raise the head of the bed is the patient's face is red? |
|
Definition
| Blood is accumulating in the head and not being returned to the heart via veins. |
|
|
Term
| What can cause disrupted blood flow? |
|
Definition
-Aterial dysfxn
-Capillary dysfxn
-Venous dysfxn |
|
|
Term
| What kind of arterial dysfxn can cause disrupted blood flow? |
|
Definition
| AORTIC ANEURYSM - weakening, out pouching in vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| What kind of capillary dysfxn can cause disrupted blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of venous dysfxn can cause disrupted blood flow? |
|
Definition
-Venous pooling
-Varicose veins |
|
|
Term
| What is venous pooling due to? |
|
Definition
| to gravity, inactivity, vein valve dysfunction, trauma, right sided heart failure) |
|
|
Term
| What causes varicose veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does venous dysnfxn do to stoke volume? |
|
Definition
| Limits it therefore HR increases to maintain cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| What can altered cerebral blood flow cause? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive function & Altered LOC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Transient ischemic attack): Temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain. Brief disturbances in speech, vision, mobility, confusion, numbness on one side of body. AFIB. MINI STROKE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Cerebrovascular accident or stroke): Lack of blood flow to a specific area of the brain
ISCHEMIC OR HEMORRHAGIC |
|
|
Term
| What is HR determined by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which branch of the autonomic nervous system slows the heart? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic branch- Slows heart rate (Vagal stimulation) Rest and Digest |
|
|
Term
| Which branch of the autonomic nervous system raises the heart rate? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic branch- Increases heart rate (Exercise stimulates sympathetic nervous system). Fight or Flight. CO increases to meet demands of the body tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of conduction through the heart? |
|
Definition
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
QRS WIDE = BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK
Right and left bundle branches
Perkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P: atrial contraction/depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| QRS: ventricular contraction/depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T: ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
| What if T wave is too big? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What if T wave is inverted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inverted T-wave indicative of? |
|
Definition
| Ischemia Inadequate tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atrial blood being pumped to ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ventricles contract and eject blood
LUB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relax and refill; twice as long.
DUB |
|
|
Term
| How do you find mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
| MAP = [(2 x diastolic)+systolic] / 3 |
|
|
Term
| Why does diastole count twice as much as systole? |
|
Definition
| because 2/3 of the cardiac cycle is spent in diastole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 70-110 mm/Hg. A MAP of 60 is necessary to perfuse coronary arteries, brain, kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| What is oncotic pressure? |
|
Definition
| Large protein molecules in the plasma that pull fluid in the capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a low serum albumin level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What keeps blood within vessels and keeps it from leaking out? |
|
Definition
| Oncotic pressure from protein in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CVD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the modifiable risk factors for CVD? |
|
Definition
Smoking (Pack years: PPD X Years)
Diet
Activity
Stress |
|
|
Term
| What are the over the counter products that effect HR? |
|
Definition
Herbals
Vitamins (Niacin, E)
Aspirin
Weight loss products
Caffeine and energy products |
|
|
Term
| What prescriptions can effect HR? |
|
Definition
Asthma medications
Diuretics
Oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| How do asthma medications effect the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do diuretics effect the heart? |
|
Definition
| Lower blood volume, lower pressure, speed up HR |
|
|
Term
| How do oral contraceptives effect the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What illegal drugs effect the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal HR and BP for an infant? |
|
Definition
HR 130- 160
B/P mid-40’s Systolic |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal HR and BP for a toddler/preschooler? |
|
Definition
HR 70- 110
B/P (Double age in years +90)
Yearly B/P after age 3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal BP/HR for a child/adolescent? |
|
Definition
HR 60-90
B/P gradually approaches adult range |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal BP/HR for an adult? |
|
Definition
HR average 60-80
B/P 120/80
Heart rate and B/P slightly higher in older adults |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences in the heart in women VS. men? |
|
Definition
Smaller heart and vessels
Present with MI differently (Sleep problems, lethargy, stomach pain, nausea)
Delay in receiving treatment
Underrepresented in research studies
Develop HTN and CVD later in life than men
Link between onset of menopause and cardiovascular events
Risk for developing DM after MI 3X higher than men
Death 50% higher after MI
After age 65, more HTN |
|
|
Term
| Who does HTN effect most? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ethnicities are at a greater risk for heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves) Signals beginning of ventricular systole
LUB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Closure of aortic and pulmonic valves) Signals beginning of ventricular diastole
DUB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NOT NOMRAL IN REGULAR ADULTS
Produced by rapid ventricular filling and can be a normal finding in children and young adults
HF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NOT NORMAL IN REGULAR ADULTS
Produced by strong atrial contraction and can be a normal finding in older adults, athletes, children
HTN |
|
|
Term
| When can you hear a murmur? |
|
Definition
| when blood volume is increased in the heart, or when the flow of blood is impeded or altered |
|
|
Term
| What is important to note about vital signs? |
|
Definition
Pulses (Rate, character, and symmetry)
Apical heart rate
Respirations
B/P (May need to do orthostatic V/S)
Neck vein distention (Right sided) |
|
|
Term
| What are acute symptoms of heart failure? |
|
Definition
SOB/DOE
Pink frothy sputum (Left sided)
Decreased O2 Saturation
Pain (Angina, Claudication)
Changes in cognition
Edema
Neck vein distention |
|
|
Term
| What is the cardinal sign of pulmonary edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chronic symptoms of heart problems? |
|
Definition
Distal hair loss, thickened nails, shiny, dry skin
Stasis ulcers
Thrombus
Multiple organ dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Signs of STROKE!
Facial droop – One side of face does not move as well as the other.
Arm drift – One arm does not move or drifts downward when held extended.
Speech – Patient slurs words, uses the wrong word, or cannot speak at all.
Time to call 911 – Presence of one of the above is associated with a 72% risk of stroke and 85% if all three are present |
|
|
Term
| What does the P in PQRST stand for? |
|
Definition
P Provokes
Aggravating factors, alleviating factors
What caused the current condition?
What were you doing when it began?
Does anything make it better or worse? (Deep inspiration, movement etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What does Q stand for in PQRST? |
|
Definition
Q Quality
What does it feel like?
Describe what the discomfort is like (Sharp, stabbing, burning, crushing).
Does anything change the pain? (Deep inspiration, cough or movement) |
|
|
Term
| What does R stand for in PQRST? |
|
Definition
R Radiation/Region
Where is it located?
Does it go anywhere else?
Point to where the pain is the worst. |
|
|
Term
| What does S stand for in PQRST? |
|
Definition
S Severity
How bad is the current condition?
Rate pain on a scale of 1 to 10
If patient has had ischemic pain before, determine if it is greater or lesser severity than usual pain is at its worst |
|
|
Term
| What dose T stand for in PQRST? |
|
Definition
T Time/Onset/ Duration
Do you have any discomfort now?
When did this episode of pain start?
How long did it last?
Is it constant or does it come and go?
Did it come on suddenly or gradually over a period of time? |
|
|
Term
| How are heart problems diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Electrical: Cardiac monitor (Continuous, telemetry, Holter monitor, EKG), Stress test, Electrophysiology
Blood flow: Cardiac catheterization, Angiography, Echocardiogram |
|
|
Term
| What is needed on the e.k.g for diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| ST ELEVATION OR DEPRESSION IN 2 OR MORE CONTINUOUS LEADS |
|
|
Term
| What cardiac enzymes are important to note? |
|
Definition
CPK Enzyme in muscles
CK-MB Specific to heart
Troponin Released 1-3 hours after injury |
|
|
Term
| What chemistry labs are important to look at? |
|
Definition
BMP/CMP: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium
BUN/creatinine |
|
|
Term
| What lipid profile is important to look at? |
|
Definition
Cholesterol
HDL
LDL
Triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal level for potassium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal levels of calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal levels of magnesium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal sodium levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should your total cholesterol be at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should your HDL level be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should your LDL level be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should your triglyceride level be at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal troponin level? |
|
Definition
| 0.00001 ANYTHING HIGH IS CRAZY |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal CK-MB level? |
|
Definition
Males: <6.7 ng/mL
Females: <3.8 ng/mL |
|
|
Term
| What does thyroid function have to do with the heart? |
|
Definition
| If you have a hypothyroidism, you are heavier by nature. This in turn makes your o2 demand higher, thus causing your heart to work harder. |
|
|
Term
| What is metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
A major risk factor is CAD.
-Insulin resistance > FBS > 110 mg/dl
-Abdominal obesity > 35 inches women
> 40 inches men
-HDL < 50 mg/dl women
< 40 mg/dl men
-Triglyceride >150 mg/dl
-B/P > 130/85 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for a thrombus? |
|
Definition
| ood disorders, infection, malignancy, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, surgery, orthopedic injury (Hip fx), over age 50, hx of varicose veins, MI, a fib, stroke, DM, VTE |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of a thrombus? |
|
Definition
| DVT SX Homan’s sign, one leg swollen, differences in pedal pulses |
|
|
Term
| What is the prophylaxis for a thrombus? |
|
Definition
-Hydration
-Ambulation
-TED/SCD's
-Anticoagulation therapy (WARFARIN) |
|
|
Term
| What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the aorta (the largest artery in the body) resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50 percent of the normal diameter (width). |
|
|
Term
| What are the early signs of AAA? |
|
Definition
| Sudden, severe abdominal or back pain |
|
|
Term
| What are the late sings of AAA? |
|
Definition
| Shock, pulsatile abd mass |
|
|
Term
| What increases your risk for AAA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard of treatment for MI? |
|
Definition
| MI Reperfusion treatment within 90 minutes |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard of treatment for CVA? |
|
Definition
| CVA 4.5 hours after stroke symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Why can gold standard treatment CVA usually not occur? |
|
Definition
| Only about half of patients with AMI or CVA arrive to the emergency department within four hours of the onset of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is a coronary artery bypass graft? |
|
Definition
A segment of the saphenous vein carries blood from the aorta to a part of the right coronary artery that is distal to the occlusion.
The internal mammary artery is used to bypass an obstruction in the left anterior descending coronary artery. The graft redirects the blood flow or "bypasses" the blocked artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Balloon-tipped catheter is placed into the artery with the balloon deflated and the stent closed.
When the stent is in the proper position of the narrowed artery, the balloon is inflated, causing the stent to open.
The catheter is removed, and the stent remains in place |
|
|
Term
| What are important nursing diagnoses for cardiac problems? |
|
Definition
Decreased Cardiac Output
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
Activity Intolerance |
|
|
Term
| Why would you ever want to restrict fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What interventions are involved with fluid restriction? |
|
Definition
I&O
Indicated if I > O +2 Liters
Daily weights – 2 lbs or + time to call the Dr.
Call HCP if weight gain >2 pounds/day |
|
|
Term
| What safety precautions are important to take with cardiac problems? |
|
Definition
-Falls due to orthostatic htn
-VTE prevention
-Fluid and electorlyte imbalance can lead to dig toxicity and other problems |
|
|
Term
| What patient teaching is important for cardiac patients? |
|
Definition
Medications
I&O/Daily Weights
Fall prevention
VTE prevention
Smoking cessation
Edema reduction |
|
|
Term
| What edema reduction teaching is necessary? |
|
Definition
Elevation of limbs
2 Gm NA diet
Fluid restriction |
|
|
Term
| What diet considerations should be taken? |
|
Definition
Total Fat 25% - 35% of total calories
Saturated Fat Less than 7% of total calories
Trans Fat As little as possible
Polyunsaturated Fat Up to 10% of total calories
Monounsaturated Fat Up to 20% of total calories
Dietary Cholesterol Less than 200 milligrams/day
Carbohydrates 50% - 60% of total calories
Fiber 20-30 grams/day
Protein Approximately 20% of total calories |
|
|
Term
| What caution should be taken w/ salt substitutes? |
|
Definition
Salt substitutes are potassium chloride
Careful with renal patients & those taking ACE inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What effect do ACE inhibitors have on potassium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What teaching is important with exercise? |
|
Definition
Stop if heart rate increases > 20 bpm
Avoid Valsalva maneuver
Avoid isometric
Warm up
Cool down
Avoid for 1 hour pc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Absence of carotid pulse in child 1 yr of age and up to adult
Absence of brachial pulse in infants |
|
|
Term
| What is the initial management of cardiac arrest |
|
Definition
BLS
Call code
Code team
ACLS
Nurse’s role |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things influence SV? |
|
Definition
Preload: The pressure generated in the ventricles at the end of diastole and the resultant stretching of the muscle fibers
Afterload: The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
Contractility: The force generated by the contracting myocardium under any given condition |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular health problems are associated with multiple complaints of? |
|
Definition
Chest pain
Symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) |
|
|
Term
| What are the assessment parameters? |
|
Definition
Health history
Family history
Medications
Nutrition and metabolism
Elimination
Activity
Cognition
Sexuality
Coping |
|
|
Term
| What should be noted about integumentary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is important to note about BP? |
|
Definition
Pulse pressure
Orthostatic changes |
|
|
Term
| what is important to note about arterial pulse? |
|
Definition
| Rate, rhythm, and quality |
|
|
Term
| What is important to inspect and assess in cardiac ptns? |
|
Definition
Inspection of jugular venous pulsations
Assessment of lungs and abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Where should you listen to the heart? |
|
Definition
| 5th intercostal space MIDLINE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hemodynamic monitoring is used to diagnose heart problems? |
|
Definition
Central venous pressure monitoring
Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring
Intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BP of less than 120/80 mm Hg diastolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BP of 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hypertenisve crisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for HTN? |
|
Definition
Age
Obesity
African American race
Oral contraceptive use |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of target organ damage from HTN? |
|
Definition
Coronary artery disease
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Pathologic changes in the kidneys
Cerebrovascular involvement
Retinal changes |
|
|
Term
| What labs are taken w/ htn? |
|
Definition
Urinalysis
Evaluation for microalbuminuria or proteinuria
Blood chemistry (analysis of sodium, potassium, BUN and creatinine, fasting glucose, and total and high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol levels)
12-lead ECG |
|
|
Term
| What lifestyle modifications can be made for htn? |
|
Definition
| Smoking cessation, weight loss, reduced alcohol and sodium intake, and regular physical activity |
|
|
Term
| What medications can be used to treat HTN? |
|
Definition
| Diuretics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors |
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Term
| What can help encourage self-management with htn? |
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Definition
| Written action plan, self-monitoring, and regular review |
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Term
| What are the complications that can result from HTN? |
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Definition
Blood vessel damage (heart, kidneys, brain, and eyes)
Myocardial infarction
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Renal failure
Stroke
Impaired vision |
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Term
| What is a hypertenisve crisis? |
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Definition
| Defined as a systolic blood pressure of greater than 180 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of greater than 120 mm Hg |
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Term
| What is a hypertensive emergency? |
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Definition
| a situation in which BP is higher than 180/120 mm Hg and must be lowered quickly to halt or prevent damage to the target organs |
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Term
| What is a hypertensive urgency? |
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Definition
| a situation in which BP is severely elevated but there is no evidence of impending or progressive target organ damage |
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Term
| How are HTN emergency/urgency BOTH managed? |
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Definition
| Both are managed with continuous intravenous infusion of a short-acting titratable antihypertensive agent |
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Term
| What is pulmonary vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| The pressure the heart must overcome to pump blood to the lungs -> LOW |
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Term
| What is systemic vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| The pressure the heart must overcome to pump blood systemically -> HIGH |
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Term
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Definition
The most common cause of cardiovascular disease
Atheromas or plaques protrude into the lumen of the vessel
BUILDING UP OF PLAQUE
Thrombi may form and obstruct blood flow, leading to sudden cardiac death or an acute MI
The anatomic structure of the coronary arteries makes them particularly susceptible to the mechanisms of atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistant pain in the anterior portion of the foot at rest that can worsen at night that is an indication of significant aerial insufficiency and a critical state of ischemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid that can damage the interior lining of arteries and promote thrombus formation. Elevated levels are associated w/ atherosclerosis, CAD, stroke, and PVD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is used to evaluate the response of the cardiovascular system to increased demands for oxygen and nutrients. |
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Term
| What is a stress test used to determine? |
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Definition
| Presence of atherosclerosis, fxn capacity of the heart after an MI, effectiveness of medical regimen |
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Term
| Who get's INR/PT testing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Are atoms in an unstable form that are used to view the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
Injection of a contrast agent into the vascular system to visualize the heart and the blood vessels.
Need to check kidney function, and allergies to iodine and shellfish. |
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Term
| What is arterial hemostasis? |
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Definition
| Once the arterial catheter is removed, either manual pressure or mechanical compression devices percutaneously deployed vascular closure devices are used to achieve homeostasis. |
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Term
| What is hemodynamic monitoring? |
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Definition
Contnuously assesses the cardiovascular function of critically ill patients.
CVP = vena cava
PAP = pulmonary artery
IA = systolic and diastolic pressure |
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Term
| What is ankle-brachial index? |
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Definition
| A ratio that compares the ankle to arm systolic BP and is an indicator of perfusion to the lower extremities. |
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Term
| What is primary hypertension? |
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Definition
| High BP from an unidentified cause |
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Term
| What is secondary hypertension? |
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Definition
| High BP that has an identified cause. |
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