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Systematic scientific study of human society
Statistics and data made sociology |
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| Group of people who share a culture and territory |
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| Being excluded from mainstream society due to differences from majority |
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| Breaking down of national borders because of advances in communications, trade, and travel resulting in the spread of ideals around the world |
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Exist outside individual in form of social relationships
Ex. Friends, relatives, people in education, economic institutions, earnings |
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| Degree to which people are tied to a social group through shared values and other social bonds |
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The ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals especially on their private lives
Ability to empathize |
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(1798-1857)
From France
Referred to father/founder of sociology
Came up w/ the term in 1838
Believed that every society goes through three stages of development (Religious, Metaphysical, Scientific) |
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Statics: Study of the organization that allows societies to endure
Dynamics: Study of process of which societies change |
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(1802-1876)
From England
Rich family, tutored, well educated
Translated Auguste Comte book and put her own stuff in
First female sociologist
Suggested societal progress could be achieved by expanding scientific knowledge and by eliminated slavery, and gender inequality
Came to america spent 3 years, wrote book Society in America |
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(1820-1903) England
Compares society to living organism |
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Coined by Herbert Spencer
Social problems work themselves out through survival of the fittest
Rich/powerful are fittest and have been selected by nature to succeed
Poor/weak are unfit and selected by nature to fail
If govt. interferes w/ natural process of the unfit, society will suffer
Best thing govt. can do about social problems is leave them alone |
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(1818-1883) Germany
Believed primary feature of society is class conflict
Two classes: bourgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat (laborers)
Believed these two classes were locked in conflict and laborers are destined to overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a classless society |
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(1858-1917) France
Pioneered the systematic application of scientific methods to sociology
First to use statistics to test hypotheses
Huge study on suicide throughout Europe
He found people w/ weaker ties to society were more likely to commit suicide (Males/ unmarried)
Human behavior cannot be simply understood in individualistic terms, must always examine social forces that affect peoples lives |
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(1864-1920)Germany
Believed individuals always interpret the meaning of behaviors and act according to interpretation
Socialists should adopt method of studying subjects (verstehen)
Believed religion was key factor for creation and rise of capitalism
Protestant Ethics
Spirit of capitalism: readiness to reinvent their money |
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| Empathetic understanding of their subjects |
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Protestants believed it was through good deeds that one entered heaven
If you made a lot of money because god blessed you |
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| European VS US Sociologists |
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| Mostly interested in developing large scale (macro) social theories while US socialists focused mostly on specific problems (micro) |
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(1860-1935) US/Chicago
One of founders of US sociology and social work
Founded hull house
Played significant role in establishing many government programs
Instrumental in starting social security, workers comp., immigrant borough, children's borough
Recognized worldwide, only socialist to get a nobel prize |
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Center for social reform and research
Chief goal to solve social problems using sound sociological theory |
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(1868-1963) Black/US
First African American to get PHD from Harvard
Founder of Niagara movement/fight for racial equality
One of the founders of NAACP
1961 gave up fighting for equality and moved to Ghana |
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Steps Used in Conducting Research
(6) |
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Choosing a problem or topic to study
Formulating a hypothesis about the problem
Selecting a method to study the problem
Collecting the data on the problem
Analyzing the results of the data collection
Drawing a conclusion regarding the results/supporting or disproving the hypothesis |
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| Gathering information in order to describe a phenomenon |
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| Designed to test a hypothesis in order to explain a phenomenon |
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Operational Definition
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A specification of the action needed to translate what is abstract and unobservable into what is concrete and observable
Ex. Social class |
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An observable representation of an abstract and unobservable concept
Ex. Education, income, and occupation equal social class |
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Characteristics that vary from person to person within the population being studied
Ex. height or weight |
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A variable that is the cause of another variable
Water loss causes thirst |
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A variable that is considered the effect of another variable
Thirst is the effect of water loss |
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Characteristics found in all members of the population being studied
Studying female heart rates: being a female is a constant |
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Is a consistent association between two or more variables which may or may not be causal
Shoe size and height |
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Occurs when an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable
Education and income |
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Occurs when an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable
Education and prejudice |
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To establish a cause and effect relationship
Three conditions must exist:
A correlation between two variables is necessary
The independent variable must precede the independent variable in time
There must be no intervening variable that causes the correlation between them |
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Is the characteristic of a study measuring what it is supposed to measure
Accuracy |
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The characteristic of a study producing the same finding when repeated
Consistency |
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Major Research Methods
(4) |
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Surveys
Observations
Experiments
Analysis of existing data |
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Involves asking questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors
The most frequent method used by sociologists |
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Is the group of people which is the purpose of the survey
Usually a large group |
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| A subset of the total population for which the survey is to represent |
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A subset of the total population
Where everyone in the population has an equal chance of participating |
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| Studying the actions of others by observing them |
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| Is when you join in the activities of the groups that you are studying |
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| Non-Participant Observation |
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| When you just observe the activities of the groups that you are studying |
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An analysis of peoples' lives from their own perspective
Focusing more of what the subjects think than what they do |
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Is a study used to determine a cause and effect relationship
By observing two or more variables
Changing one of them to see what type of effect occurs |
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| Is exposed to the independent variable to examine its effect |
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Is not exposed to the independent variable
Is used to compare differences in the experimental group |
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Is the unintended impact or effect that the researcher's presence may have on the subjects behavior
Researcher bias |
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| The researcher searches for new knowledge in data previously collected by another researcher for another purpose |
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Used when examining secondary data in the form of words and ideas
Searching for specific words or ideas and turning them into numbers
Ex. Examining cartoons for violent acts |
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