Term
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Definition
the flow of electrons through or within a membrane, from reduced coenzymes to an external electron acceptor, usually accompanied by the generation of ATP
ATP yields much higher |
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Term
| "external" electron acceptor |
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Definition
| a type of electron acceptor that is not a by-product of glucose metabolism |
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Term
| "internal" electron acceptor |
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Definition
| a type of electron acceptor such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde that is used during fermentation to accept electrons from NADH and produces by-products that are not completely oxidized to CO2 |
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Definition
| the reduced coenzyme generated by the glycolytic catabolism of sugars or related compounds |
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Definition
| collect electrons that are removed from oxidizable organic substrates and pass them to the terminal electron acceptor via a series of electron carriers, generating ATP in the process |
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Definition
| respiration requiring oxygen or rare other electron acceptors such as Sulfur, Hydrogen protons, and Ferric ions (Fe) |
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Definition
| respiration that involves electron acceptors and does not require oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
most aerobic ATP production in eukaryotic cells takes place here
"energy powerhouse"
found in plants and animals |
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Term
| terminal electron acceptor for aerobic respiration |
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Definition
oxygen-->pyruvate can be oxidized completely to carbon dioxide, thus allowing for the generation of up to 38 molecules of ATP per glucose
also provides a means for the continuous reoxidation of NADH and other reduced coenzymes
overall, aerobic respiration involves oxidative pathways in which electrons are removed from organic substrates and transferred to coenzyme carriers, which then transfer these electrons to oxygen, accompanied by the generation of ATP |
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Term
| Stage 1: Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
| glycolytic pathway--> oxidation of glucose to pyruvate and then instead of serving as an electron acceptor, pyruvate is further oxidized |
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Term
| Stage 2: Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
| pyruvate is oxidized to generate acetyl coA, which then enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cyle |
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Term
| Stage 3: Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
| the TCA cycle completely oxidizes acetyl coA to carbon dioxide and conserves most of the energy as high-energy reduced coenzyme molecules |
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Term
| Stage 4: Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
| involves the transfer of electrons from reduced coenzymes to oxygen (electron transport),exergonic and uses energy to drive----> coupled with the pumping of protons across a membrane (active transport) |
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Term
| Stage 5: Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
| the energy of the proton gradient is used to drive ATP synthesis in a process called oxidative phosphorylation (a process that synthesizes ATP from ADP) |
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Term
| outer membrane of mitochondria |
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Definition
| not a significant permeability barrier for ions and small molecules because it contains transmembrane channel proteins called porins that permit the passage of solutes |
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Term
| inner membrane of mitochondria |
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Definition
presents a permeability barrier to most solutes, thereby partitioning the mitochondrion into two separate compartments--> the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix
has distinctive inner folding called cristae that greatly increase surface area, because of this, it can accomodate large numbers of the protein complexes needed for electron transport and ATP synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| contains many enzymes involved in mitochondrial function as well as DNA molecules and ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a circular DNA molecule that code for ribosomal RNA's and about a dozen polypeptide subunits made of inner membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| complexes involved in ATP synthesis and is assembled from several different polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| each F1 complex is attached by a short protein stalk to this complex, which is assembled of hydrophobic polypeptides that are embedded within the mitochondria's inner membrane |
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Term
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Definition
known as ATP synthase, responsible for most of the ATP generation that occurs in the mitochondria and bacterial cells
ATP generation driven by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the membrane |
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Term
| respiratory functions of bacteria |
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Definition
bacteria do not have mitochondria, yet most are capable of aerobic respiration
most of the enzymes of the TCA cycle are found in the cytoplasm, whereas the electron transport proteins are located in the plasma membrane |
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Term
| TCA cycle, or Krebs cycle |
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Definition
| cyclic metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen (aerobic), generating ATP and the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
| high-energy two carbon compound generated by glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation employed for transferring carbon atoms to the TCA cycle |
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| Five general steps of the TCA cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
control of a reaction pathway by the effector-mediated reversible interconversion of the 2 forms of an allosteric enzyme
bahaha, what? |
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Term
| fats as a source of energy |
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Definition
fats are important for long term energy storage
they are well suited for this storage function because they allow a maximum number of calories to be stored compactly
most stored as triacylglycerols |
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Term
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Definition
| a catabolic process that generates acetyl CoA and the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| proteins as a source of energy and amino acids |
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Definition
proteins can be catabolized to generate ATP if necessary
all cells eventually undergo turnover of proteins and protein containing structures, and the resulting amino acids can either be used to synthesize new proteins or be degraded oxidatively to yield energy |
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Definition
protein catabolism begins with hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain
enzymes responsible are called proteases |
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Definition
| can also be catabolized for energy purposes |
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Definition
| series of reactions that can function both in a catabolic mode and as a source of precursors for anabolic pathways |
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Definition
| similar to the TCA cycle, but performs specialized anabolic function in some germinating seeds and fungal spores, occurs in a peroxisome called glyoxysome |
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Term
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Definition
| process of coenzyme reoxidation under aerobic conditions, involving stepwise transfer of electrons to oxygen by means of a series of electron carriers |
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Term
| electron transport system, ETS |
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Definition
| group of membrane bound electron carriers that transfer electrons from the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 to oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
used in the electron transport system
proteins that participate in electron transport via FAD or FMN |
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Term
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Definition
part of the electron transport system
proteins involved in mitochondrial transport |
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Term
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Definition
five different kinds of proteins involved in the electron transport system
one-electron carriers that do not transfer protons |
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Term
| bimetallic iron-copper center |
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Definition
| cytochromes that have a copper center |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein (quinone) component of the mitochondrial electron transport system that serves as the collection point for electrons from both FMN- and FAD-linked dehydrogenases |
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Term
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Definition
subset of carriers of the electron transport system consisting of a distinctive assembly of polypeptides and prosthetic groups
unlike some integral proteins of the plasma membrane, the protein complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane are free to diffuse within the membrane |
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Definition
| complex that transfers electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q |
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Term
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Definition
| complex that transfers to CoQ the enzymes derived from succinate |
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Definition
| complex that accpets electrons from CoQ and passed them to cytochrome c |
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Definition
| complex that transfers electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen |
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Definition
| look at diagram 10-16 on page 275 for process including the 4 complexes |
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Definition
| proposed pathway for recycling electrons during mitochondrial or chloroplast electron transport to allow additional proton pumping across the membrane containing the electron carriers |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of complex IV that transfers electrons directly to oxygen |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by coupling the exergonic oxidation of reduced coenzyme molecules by oxygen to the phosphorylation of ADP |
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Term
| electrochemical proton gradient |
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Definition
| transmembrane gradient of an ion, with both an electrical commponent due to the charge separation quantified by the membrane potential and a concentration component |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport by the availability of ADP |
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Term
| chemiosmotic coupling model |
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Definition
| model postulating that electron transport pathways establish proton gradients across membranes and that the energy stored in such gradients can then be used to drive ATP synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Fo complex, the channel through which protons flow across the mitochondrial inner membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| FoF1 complex, provides a channel for the exergonic flow of protons through the membrane and carries out the synthesis of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| model that consists of one or more electron carriers that can be reversibly reduced with transport proteins present in the membrane for both the oxidized and reduced forms of the carrier |
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