Term
| composition of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| they are C based molecules rich in hydroxyl (-OH) groups |
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Term
| empirical formula for many carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| why carbohydrates can be used for functions as simple as energy storage to as complex as cell-cell recognition |
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Definition
| because of the vast array of 3d structures that can arise due to the variety of monosaccharides and the multiplicity of linkages that form within carbohydrate polymers |
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Term
| why carbohydrates can form a variety of 3d structures |
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Definition
| because of the vast array of 3d structures that can arise due to the variety of monosaccharides and the multiplicity of linkages that form within carbohydrate polymers |
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Term
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Definition
| aldehydes or ketones that have 2 or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate that contains a ketone group |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate that contains an aldehyde group |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates that contain 3 C's |
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Term
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Definition
| have identical molecular formula, but differ in how the atoms are ordered |
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Term
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Definition
| isomers that differ in spatial arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other; they're not enantiomers |
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Term
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Definition
| diastereoisomers that differ in one of several C atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| diastereoisomers that differ at a new asymmetric C atom formed on ring closure |
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Term
| the predominant forms of some monosaccharides in solution |
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Definition
| cyclic rings instead of open chains |
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Term
| the chemical basis for ring formation |
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Definition
| an aldehyde can react with an alcohol to form a hemiacetal |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when an aldehyde complexes with an alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when a ketone complexes with an alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| OH groups on same side of ring |
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Term
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Definition
| OH groups on different sides of ring |
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Term
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Definition
| the C atom where the molecule can be either the α or β anomer |
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Term
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Definition
| substituents that are nearly perpendicular to the ring |
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Term
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Definition
| nearly parallel to the plane of the ring |
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Term
| which tend to be more crowded? axial or equatorial substituents? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bonds that join monosaccharides to alcohols and amines |
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Term
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Definition
| bond between the anomeric C atom of a glucose and the O atom of an alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| bond between the anomeric C atom of a glucose and the N atom of an amine |
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Term
| 3 common reactants in the modification of monosaccharides |
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Definition
-alcohols
-amines
-phosphates |
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Term
| the type of bond between adjacent monosaccharides in oligo- and polysaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate that has a substituent on it attached by a glycosidic bond |
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Term
| some common disaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| some storage forms of glucose |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide in which all the monomer units are the same |
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Term
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Definition
| a polysaccharide that is a storage form of glucose in animals; it's the most common storage form of glucose in animal cells |
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Term
| in human tissues, glycogen is most common in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| homopolymer storage form of glucose in plants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unbranched form of starch, consisting of glucose molomers in α-1,4 linkage |
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Term
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Definition
| branched form of starch having about 1 α-1,6 linkage per 30 α-1,4 linkages |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that readily breaks down amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| structural polysaccharide in plants that is made of glucose monomers joined by a β-1,4 linkage |
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Term
| what α and β linkages do for structure of polysaccharides |
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Definition
| β linkages favor straight chains with H bonding between the strands while α linkages favor bent and helical structures, which are better for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| protein with a carbohydrate covalently attached to it |
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Term
| amount of glycoproteins in the proteome |
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Definition
| glycoproteins are 50% of the proteome |
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Term
| 3 classes of glycoproteins |
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Definition
-glycoproteins
-proteoglycans
-mucins/mucoproteins |
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Term
| composition of glycoproteins |
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Definition
| protein component is the largest constituent by weight |
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Term
| function of glycoproteins |
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Definition
| many, such as components of cell membranes, where they take part in processes such as cell adhesion and binding of sperm to eggs |
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Term
| composition of proteoglycans |
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Definition
protein component is conjugated to a type of polysac called a glycosyaminoglycan
carbohydrates take up a significant portion of proteoglycans |
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Term
| function of proteoglycans |
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Definition
-structural components
-lubricants |
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Term
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Definition
| type of polysac that a proteoglycan is conjugated to |
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Term
| composition of mucins/mucoproteins |
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Definition
| predominantly carbohydrate |
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Term
| function of mucins/mucoproteins |
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Definition
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Term
| what determines polysac structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| amino acids that carbohydrates may be linked to |
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Definition
-asparagine
-serine
-threonine |
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Term
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Definition
| linking of carbohydrates to asparagine, serine, or threonine |
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Term
| some structural functions of proteoglycans |
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Definition
-connective tissue
-mediate adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix
-bind factors that regulate cell proliferation |
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Term
| the properties of proteoglycans are determined primarily by... |
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Definition
| the glycosaminoglycan component |
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Term
| composition of many glycosaminoglycans |
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Definition
made of repeating units of disaccharides containing a derivative of an amino sugar, either glucosamine or galactosamine
at least one of the 2 sugars in the repeating unit has a negatively charged sulfate group |
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Term
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Definition
| they bind specific carbohydrate structures on neighboring cell surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| they facilitate cell-cell contact |
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Term
| how lectins facilitate cell-cell contact |
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Definition
| the lectins on the surface of one cell interact with arrays of carbohydrates displayed on the surface of another cell |
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