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Ch. 10 Thinking and Language
N/A
28
Psychology
12th Grade
01/19/2011

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Cards

Term
Cognition
Definition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Term
Concept
Definition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
Term
Prototype
Definition
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.
Term
Algorithm
Definition
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier. but also more error prone, use of heuristics.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms.
Term
Insight
Definition
Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions.
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
Tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions
Term
Fixation
Definition
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
Term
Mental Set
Definition
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
Definition
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
Tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
Term
Framing
Definition
The way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Term
Belief Bias
Definition
The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
Term
Belief Perserverance
Definition
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been proven false.
Term
Artificial Intelligence
Definition
The science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language.
Term
Language
Definition
Our Spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Term
Phoneme
Definition
In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Term
Morpheme
Definition
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix or suffix)
Term
Grammar
Definition
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Term
Semantics
Definition
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning.
Term
Syntax
Definition
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
Term
Babbling Stage
Definition
beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
Term
One-Word Stage
Definition
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2. during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
Term
Two word stage
Definition
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.
Term
Telegraphic Speech
Definition
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting extra words.
Term
Linguistic Determinism
Definition
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Term
Computer Neural Networks
Definition
Computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells.
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