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| The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
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| A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people |
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| A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category. |
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| A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier. but also more error prone, use of heuristics. |
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| A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms. |
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| Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions. |
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| Tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions |
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| Inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving |
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| Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem. |
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| Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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| Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. |
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| Tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments. |
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| The way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
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| The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid. |
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| Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been proven false. |
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| The science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language. |
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| Our Spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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| In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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| In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix or suffix) |
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| In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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| The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning. |
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| The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. |
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| beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. |
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| The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2. during which a child speaks mostly in single words. |
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| Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements. |
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| Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting extra words. |
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| Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
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| Computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells. |
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