Term
| What is the goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy? |
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Definition
| Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host’s cells |
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Term
| What should a drug be able to do? |
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Definition
Be easy to administer and able to reach the infectious agent anywhere in the body
Be absolutely toxic to the infectious agent and absolutely nontoxic to the host
Remain in the body as long as needed and be safely and easily broken down and excreted |
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Term
| Antibiotics are metabolic products of what, in general terms? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Specifically what are antibiotics derived from? |
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Definition
Streptomyces and Bacillus
Penicillin and Cephalosporin |
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Term
| What 3 factors must be considered before antimicrobial chemotherapy can begin? |
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Definition
The nature of the microorganism causing the infection
The degree of the microorganism’s susceptibility (or sensitivity) to various drugs
The overall medical condition of the patient |
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Term
| When testing drug susceptibility, name four instances that are necessary to test |
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Definition
Staphylococcus species
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Streptococcus faecalis
Aerobic, gram-negative intestinal bacilli |
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Term
| Which drug susceptibility test is less effective for anaerobic, fastidious, or slow-growing bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drug susceptibility test involves and antibiogram? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which drug susceptibility test involves a plate with a bacterial lawn that has disks containing antibiotics placed upon the plate and is measured by a zone of inhibition? |
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Definition
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Term
| A zone of inhibition is measured in which type of unit? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug susceptibility test is useful in determining effective dosage and involves MIC? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which tube indicates no growth?
[image] |
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Definition
| 6.4 is where no growth is first observed |
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|
Term
| Does penicillin have an effect on human cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does penicillin work on bacterial cells (prokaryotes)? |
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Definition
| Because they have a cell wall, and this is where peptidoglycan is located. That is what is attacked |
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Term
| Name 5 ways antimicrobial drugs inhibit or interfere with bactieral |
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Definition
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Interference with cell membrane structure and function
Inhibition of folic acid synthesis |
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Term
| Is tetracycline considered a narrow or broad spectrum antibiotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be hydrolyzed by penicillinase, is a good drug of choice when bacteria are sensitive to it. The only concern this antibiotic has is, is the patient allergic to it? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is penicillin G a narrow or broad spectrum antibiotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of antibiotic has been altered and improved upon over the years |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is polymixin considered narrow or broad spectrum anitbiotic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin layer of microorganisms adhering to the surface of a structure, which may be organic or inorganic, together with the polymers that they secrete. |
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|
Term
| Give an example of a biofilm |
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Definition
| There is a thin layer over our teeth |
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|
Term
| Can antibiotics penetrate biofilms? |
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Definition
| Antibiotics often cannot penetrate the sticky extracellular material surrounding biofilms |
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Term
| How do bacteria in biofilms differ from free living bacteria? |
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Definition
| Bacteria in biofilms express a different phenotype and have different antibiotic susceptibility profiles than free-living bacteria |
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|
Term
| Can you name a few strategies to treat biofilms |
|
Definition
Interrupting quorum sensing pathways
Daptomycin: shown success
Adding DNAse to antibiotics aids penetration through extracellular debris
Impregnating devices with antibiotics prior to implantation |
|
|
Term
| Can antibiotics have an adverse affect on biofilms? |
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Definition
| Yes, some antibiotics can cause biofilms to form at a higher rate |
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|
Term
| Are drugs that are made to work against bacteria, do they work on fungi? |
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Definition
| Nope, the are ineffective against fungal cells |
|
|
Term
| Why is it hard to treat fungal infections |
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Definition
| Because fungal cells are very similar to human cells. Therefore if you made something to kill fungal cells it would also attack human cells |
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|
Term
| Can you name a few drug categories that are antifungal |
|
Definition
Macrolide polyenes
Azoles
Echinocandins
Nucleotide cytosine analog |
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|
Term
| What is the primary treatment of malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you name a few drug categories that treat protozoal infections |
|
Definition
Quinine
Metronidazole
Quinacrines
Sulfamides
Tetracyclines |
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|
Term
If a patient came back from Mexico with terrible diarrhea. A stool sample indicates an infection Giardia lamblia, an amoeba found in foreign water.
What would be a good amoebicide to prescribe? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Flukes, tapeworms and round worms can cause what type of infection |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Agents to treat helminth infections have what effects? AKA how do they work |
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Definition
| Most effective drugs immobilize, disintegrate, or inhibit the metabolism of all stages of the life cycle |
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|
Term
| Does blocking replication of helminths kill the infection? |
|
Definition
| No, it doesn't affect the adult worms |
|
|
Term
| Name some agents that are used to treat helminth infections |
|
Definition
| Mebendazole, Albendazole, Pyrantel, Praziquantel, ivermectin |
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|
Term
| Measles, Mumps, and hepatitis (some of them not all) are all prevented by what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name some viral infections that need more research done to have effective treatments or vaccines |
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Definition
| AIDS, influenza and the common cold |
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|
Term
| What does DRACO do to cells infected with a virus? |
|
Definition
| Causes apoptosis (cell death) |
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|
Term
| Name 3 modes of action of antiviral agents? |
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Definition
| Most effective drugs immobilize, disintegrate, or inhibit the metabolism of all stages of the life cycle |
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|
Term
| Name an urgent threat in terms of antibiotic resistance |
|
Definition
Clostridium difficile
drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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Term
| Biophage PA is used to treat ear infections caused by a biofilm containing which bacteria? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one advantage of using bacteriophages as a medicine? |
|
Definition
| Very narrow specificity, only effects one species of bacterium |
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|
Term
| What is fed to animals and humans that improve intestinal biota by containing live MO |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are fecal transplants used to treat? |
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Definition
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