Term
| How many carbons are in ribulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to generate ATP molecules during photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the pigments that can absorb light energy in photosynthetic organisms called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in the number of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid lumen as compared to the stroma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only type of chlorophyll that participates directly in the light reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are organisms that cannot produce their own chemical energy called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the electron flow that occurs between photosystem II and I? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color of light energy is least useful in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sacs within the stroma that contain chlorophyll and are the specific sites of the light reaction stage of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms can use light energy to produce chemical energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many NADPHs are required to produce one three carbon sugar in the dark reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inner most region of chloroplasts and the site of the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the enzyme (aka RUBP carboxylase) that attaches CO2 to the sugar ribulose to start the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the by-product of the first step of the light reaction of photosystem II, which is produced by splitting water molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is split in the first step of the light reaction of photosystem II to replinish the electron lost from p680? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the series of chemical reactions that converts light energy into chemical energy called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chlorophyll molecule in the center of photosystem II that absorbs light energy at 700nM? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelles are found in photosynthetic organisms that are the sites of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dark reaction in photosythesis that converts CO2 into three carbon sugars using ATP and NADPH generated in the light reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give the order (from lowest energy to highest energy) of light in the visible light spectrum. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the electron flow that occurs only in photosystem I?
Used to generate additional ATP needed for the Calvin cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the complex of accessory pigments that transfers light energy to a central chlorophyll pigment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs are required to produce one three carbon sugar in the dark reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transformation of solar light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules |
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Term
| In what organelle does photosynthesis occur in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
| What pigment is required for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
Know the three different modes of acquiring nutrients.
Give an example of each. |
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Definition
Autotrophic
Photoautotrophs: use light as an energy source
- plants, cyanobacteria, algae
Chemoautotrophs: use inorganic stuff such as sulfur
- archaebacteria
Heterotrophic: consumers
- animals, fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction center that has a chlorophyll a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction center that has a chlorophyll a molecule |
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Term
| Where did p680 and p700 get their names? |
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Definition
| From their optimal wavelength that they work best at. Respectively, 680nM and 700nM |
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Term
| Know the order of the visible spectrum of light from lowest energy to highest energy. |
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Definition
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet |
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Term
| What wavelength of light is least useful to photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an antenna complex? |
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Definition
| Light (photon) gathering complex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lens shaped organelles divided into four regions by two membranes |
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Term
| What are the four regions of chloroplast? |
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Definition
| Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, and stroma |
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Term
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Definition
Inner most region of the chloroplast containing viscous fluid.
- site of reactions that convert CO2 to sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacs within the stroma that contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Thylakoids stacked into columns |
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Term
| What is the thylakoid lumen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is photosystem I and II located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does electron transport occur? |
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Definition
Chloroplasts: Thylakoid membrane
Mitochondria: Inner Membrane |
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Term
| Where do hydrogen ions build up to drive ATP synthase? |
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Definition
Chloroplasts: Thylakoid space/lumen
Mitochondria: Intermembrane space |
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Term
| Where does the dark reaction occur in the chloroplasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the pH difference in the thylakoid and how it relates to the mitochondria. |
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Definition
pH in the thylakoid space/lumen drops to about 5 and the pH in the stroma increases to about 8 (a thousand-fold difference in H+ concentration)
This is a hundred fold greater concentration of H+ than in the mitochondria |
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Term
Show the relationship of how chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP.
Mechanism: chemiosmosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe each step of the light reaction. |
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Definition
Noncyclic electron flow:
-Photosystem II absorbs light
-Excited chlorophyll a electron reaches higher energy level
-The excited electron is captured by the primary electron acceptor
-Enzyme extracts electrons from water and gives them to p680 to replace missing electron
-Each excited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of PSII to PSI via ETC
-ATP is formed through noncyclic phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
-Electron reaches bottom of ETC it fills hole in p700 of PSI
-Primary electron acceptor passes the electron to a second ETC
-Electron is transfered to NADP+ forming NADPH
Cyclic electron flow:
-Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons from PSI can take alternative pathway
-Excited electrons cycle from reaction center to a primary acceptor, along an ETC, and returns to oxidized p700
-As electrons flow along the ETC, generate ATP by cyclic photophosphorylation |
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Term
| What color do pigments that absorb all wavelengths appear? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pigment directly participates in the light reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are pigments which can participate by transferring light energy to chlorophyll a called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the accessory pigments that transfer light energy to chlorophyll a? |
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Definition
Chlorophyll b (yellow-green)
Carotenoids (yellow and orange) |
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Term
| What is the function of accessory pigments? |
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Definition
| Increase the range of wavelengths available for photosynthesis |
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Term
| What is the structural difference between chlorophyll a and b? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is produced in the light reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pigments make up the antenna complex? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments |
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Term
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Definition
An iron compound of protoporphyrin which constitutes the pigment portion or protein-free part of the hemoglobin molecule and is responsible for its oxygen-carrying properties.
The deep red, oxygen-carrying, nonprotein, ferrous component of hemoglobin. |
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Term
| What accessory molecule is in hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What accessory molecule is found in the heme chlorophyll? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe noncyclic electron flow. |
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Definition
In Noncyclic electron flow, the predominant route, both photosystem I and photosystem II work together to produce both ATP and NADPH
Process:
-occurs in thylakoid membrane
-passes e continuously from water to NADP+
-Produces ATP by noncyclic photophosphorylation
-Forms NADPH and O2 |
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Term
| Describe cyclic electron flow. |
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Definition
Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons from photosystem I, but not photosystem II, can take an alternative pathway, called cyclic electron flow
Excited electrons cycle from their reaction center to a primary acceptor, along an electron transport chain, and returns to the oxidized P700 chlorophyll (thus cyclic)
As electrons flow along the electron transport chain, they generate ATP by cyclic photophosphorylation. ATP generated is used for the Calvin cycle (generates enough surplus ATP to satisfy higher demand for ATP in the Calvin cycle). |
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Term
| In what part of the light reaction does cyclic electron flow occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of cyclic electron flow? |
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Definition
Generate ATP for the Calvin cycle.
Noncyclic electron flow produces ATP and NADPH in roughly equal quantities. However, the Calvin cycle consumes more ATP than NADPH.
Cyclic electron flow allows the chloroplasst to generate enough ATP surplus to satisfy the higher demands for ATP in the Calvin cycle. |
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Term
| What produces ATP in plant cells, and where are they produced? |
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Definition
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
ATP is produced by ATP synthase (enzyme) |
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Term
| What occurs in the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
Uses ATPs and NADPHs generated during the light reactions to convert CO2 into sugar.
Ribulose biphosphate - RuBP, starting material is regenerated (very similar to the Krebs cycle).
Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a 3 carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) |
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Term
| What molecules are required and how many of each to generate a single triose sugar? |
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Definition
3 molecules of CO2
9 ATPs
6 NADPHs |
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Term
| What is ribulose biphosphate? |
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Definition
| Five carbon sugar (the CO2 acceptor) |
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Term
| What enzyme catalyzes the initial step in the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
| RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco) |
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Term
| How many Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are recycled for every one produced in the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important process to the welfare of life on earth? |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis because it nourishes almost the entire living world directly and indirectly. |
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