Term
| What do developmental psychologists study? |
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Definition
| Human development across the life span from prenatal to old age |
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Term
| The science of human development seeks to understand what? |
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Definition
| How & why people change or remain the same over time. |
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Term
| What are the 3 crucial elements? |
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Definition
Science
Diversity,
Connection b/w change & time |
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Term
| What is the goal of science? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is empirical science based on? |
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Definition
Observation, experience or experiment.
Not theoretical |
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Term
| Developmental psychologists study what type of people? |
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Definition
| all kinds; old, young, rich, poor |
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Term
| What 2 things about people do they try to identify? |
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Definition
| Universalities (beyond birth & death) and Differences (beyond unique genetics) |
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Term
| The whole life is understood best by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly describe the Dynamic-Systems Theory |
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Definition
Stresses fluctuations & transitions
Change in one part of person will affect other aspects of development because each part is connected to each other |
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Term
| Briefly describe the bioecological systems theory and who came up with it? |
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Definition
Urie Bronfenfrenner
all systems surrounding development of each person
micro,exo, & macro |
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Term
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Definition
immediate surroundings
family, & peer groups |
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Term
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Definition
institutions
schools and churches |
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Term
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Definition
larger social settings
cultural values, economic, & political policies |
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Term
| List and define the 5 characteristics of development |
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Definition
Multidirectional: change occurs in every direction
Multicontextual: human lives embedded in many contexts (historical, economic, family)
Multicultural: many cultures
Multidisciplinary: many academic fields contribute data & insights
Plasticity: Change is ongoing; every person & trait can be altered at any given point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| small event could have large impact |
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Term
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Definition
| people born the same time period |
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Term
| Socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| persons position in society |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestors born in same region |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically distinct based on physical appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| idea created by society i.e. race |
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Term
| What are the 3 domains of development? |
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Definition
Biosocial (growth in body)
Cognitive (mental growth)
Psychosocial (emotional development) |
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Term
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Definition
| brain cells respond to actions performed by someone else as if observer had done that action |
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Term
| What are the 5 steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
Question
Hypothesis
Test Hypothesis
Draw Conclusions
Make findings available |
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Term
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Definition
| repeat study to verify, refine or dispute an original study's conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| prediction stated in a such a way that it can be tested & either confirmed or refuted |
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Term
| What are the 4 methods of testing hypotheses? |
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Definition
Observations
Experiments
Surveys
Case Studies |
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Term
| What is scientific observation? |
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Definition
| testing hypotheses by observing participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not indicate what causes people to do what they do |
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Term
| What is the goal of the experimental method? |
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Definition
| establish a cause & effect relationship between 2 variables |
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Term
| What are the 2 major characteristics of an experiment? |
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Definition
Researcher manipulates one variable and observes the other
Control over research situation |
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Term
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Definition
potential cause
variable that is manipulated by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
potential effect
variable is observed to assess a possible effect of the manipulation or treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| comparison group; doesn't receive experimental treatment; placebo; provides baseline for comparison |
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Term
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Definition
| receives experimental treatment; independent variable must consist of at least 2 values |
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Term
| Describe the survey method |
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Definition
| info is collected from a large # of people via interviews, written questionnaires and other means |
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Term
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Definition
intensive study of one individual
provides unanticipated insight, but you can't make general statements based on findings from a case study |
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Term
| Why can't the results of a case study be generalized to an entire population? |
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Definition
| new hypotheses raised by case studies require more format exploration before they can be generalized. |
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Term
| Name and define 3 types of studies for studying change over time. |
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Definition
Cross-sectional: groups of people are compared who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics
Longitudinal: same individuals are tested repeatedly during different points during their lives
cross-sequential: hybrid method researchers first study several groups of people and then follow those groups over the years. |
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Term
| What is a correlation study? |
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Definition
| statistical technique for describing the extent & direction of the relationship between pairs of scores on some measure |
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Term
| What does correlation indicate? Doesn't indicate? |
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Definition
2 variables are related
one variable causes the other |
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Term
| What is the difference b/w positive and negative correlation? |
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Definition
+: both variables tend to increase or decrease together
-: one variable tends to increase when the other decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| considers qualities instead of quantities i.e. open ended questions, how do you feel about your job? describe your ideal job. |
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Term
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Definition
| provides data that can be expressed with numbers such as ranks or scales i.e. weight, height, GPA, ACT score |
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Term
| What is the code of ethics? |
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Definition
| set of moral principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follow |
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Term
| Name 3 ethical responsibilities in psychology |
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Definition
Minimize risks to research participants
describe research to potential participants
avoid deceiving participants
keep results anonymous |
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Term
| Name 3 peer-reviewed journals related to developmental psychology |
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Definition
developmental psych
infant behavior & development
child development
journal of early adolescence
psychology & aging |
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