Term
| parasympathetic division (system) |
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Definition
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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| Postsynaptic specialization |
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| Single-cell electrophysiological recording |
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| single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) |
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Definition
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| Single-unit electrophysiological recording |
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| sympathetic division (system) |
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A broad term used to describe all the central and peripheral structures that support motor behavior.
Motor systems organize and generate actions |
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Definition
A collection of interconnected neurons mediating a specific function.
These are the primary components of neural systems that process different types of information. |
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Definition
| A collection of peripheral axons that are bundled together and travel a common route. |
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Term
| myotatic spinal reflex or myotatic reflex |
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Definition
| A fundamental spinal reflex that is generated by the motor response to afferent sensory information arising from muscle spindles; also called a “stretch” or “deep tendon” reflex. The knee jerk reaction is a common example. |
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Definition
| A genetic engineering approach, typically reliant upon the Cre/lox system, whereby an exogenous recombinase enzyme recognizes unique DNA excision sequences (loxP sequences) introduced at the 5’ and 3’ ends of an endogenous gene and eliminates the intervening sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic engineering system for achieving conditional mutations of endogenous mammalian genes using introduced loxP sequences, which are not found in mammalian genomes but occur in bacterial genomes and are targeted by certain viruses, and a viral DNA cutting enzyme, Cre recombinase. With expression of the Cre DNA introduced into host genome, the resulting Cre recombinase engages the loxP binding sites, and the intervening endogenous exon targeted for elimination (the so-called floxed sequence) is excised. |
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Term
| genetic engineering aka reverse genetics |
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Definition
| A methodological means for inducing mutations in genes or otherwise editing or altering the structure and/or the function of targeted genes for experimental or therapeutic benefit. |
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| reverse genetics aka genetic engineering |
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Definition
| A methodological means for inducing mutations in genes or otherwise editing or altering the structure and/or the function of targeted genes for experimental or therapeutic benefit. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter receptor (receptor molecule) |
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Definition
| A molecule that binds to chemical signals and transduces these signals into a cellular response. |
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Term
| magnetic source imaging (MSI) |
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Definition
| A non-invasive means for localizing brain activity that combines magnetoencephalography with structural magnetic resonance imaging. |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy and radiofrequency pulses to generate images that reveal structural and/or functional information in the living brain. |
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Term
| magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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Definition
| A passive and noninvasive functional brain-imaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons, in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that, in response to light of the proper wavelength, acts as a proton pump transporting protons from inside the cell to outside; in its native host, the resulting proton gradient is subsequently converted into chemical energy; when engineered into a neuron for optogenetics, it hyperpolarizes the neuron when exposed to light. |
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Definition
| A protein that, in response to light of the proper wavelength, opens a channel that is selectively permeable to chloride ions; when engineered into a mature neuron for optogenetics, it inhibits the neuron when exposed to light. |
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Term
| genome-wide association studies (GWAS) |
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Definition
| A statistical correlation of likely associated genes drawn from analyses of large cohorts of individuals with the same phenotype or clinical diagnoses. The idea with GWAS is that if a genetic variant occurs with a greater than random frequency in patients with a clinically diagnosed condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, or autism, it probably contributes to that pathology. |
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Term
| enteric system aka enteric nervous system (ENS) |
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Definition
| A subsystem of the visceral motor system, made up of small ganglia and individual neurons scattered throughout the wall of the gut; influences gastric motility and secretion. |
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Term
| diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) |
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Definition
| A type of magnetic resonance imaging used in live humans that allows for the selective visualization of large axon tracts in the brain based upon the alignment of the water molecules in myelinated axons bundled together and extending in the same direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A viral DNA cutting enzyme used to excise a floxed exons. (Cre stands for Causes recombination) See Cre/lox. |
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Definition
| According to Britannica.com, this is where the axon joins the body of the neuron and is where “the region where the plasma membrane generates nerve impulses” |
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Definition
| Also called nerve cells. Cells specialized for the generation, conduction, and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. |
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Definition
| Also called nerve cells. Cells specialized for the generation, conduction, and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. |
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Definition
| An abundant metabolite in the neurons synthesized in mitochondria from the amino acid aspartic acid and acetyl-coenzyme A. |
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Term
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Definition
| An assembly of neural circuits in a specific brain region that represent inputs that do not have a direct correspondence to a topographic map, such as those in the somatosensory or visual systems. Some cognitive capacities, including language and declarative memory, are thought to depend on computational maps. |
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Definition
An endogenous cellular mechanism for DNA replication and repair involving DNA polymerases and ligases; may be used in genetic engineering to replace (“recombine”) a native sequence of nucleotides in a gene with an exogenous sequence.
This approach is used to make knock-in and knock-out mice. |
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Definition
An x-ray based means for brain imaging involving the displacement of cerebrospinal fluid by injection of air into the subarachnoid space to increase signal contrast.
risks and discomfort limited its use |
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Term
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Definition
An x-ray based means for imaging blood vessels in the brain involving injection of a contrast agent into the systemic circulation.
risks limited its use |
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Term
| event related potential (ERP) |
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Definition
| Averaged EEG recordings measuring time-locked brain responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus or repeated execution of a motor task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Axon tracts that cross the midline of the brain or spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| By common usage, nerve cells that innervate and send efferent signals to skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| Ganglion (plural ganglia) |
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Definition
| Collection of hundreds to thousands of neurons found outside the brain and spinal cord along the course of peripheral nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that are anatomically discrete, and which typically serve a particular function. |
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Term
| blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) |
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Definition
| Endogenous signals reflecting the oxygenation of hemoglobin in blood that are modulated by changes in the local level of neural activity; for example, when neural activity in a local brain region increases, more oxygen is consumed and within seconds the local microvasculature responds by increasing the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the active region, thus constituting a BOLD signal that may be detected by fMRI. |
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Term
| local circuit neurons aka interneurons |
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Definition
| General term referring to a neuron whose activity mediates interactions among other neurons in the CNS; exemplified by short-axon neurons in the spinal cord that mediate transmission of signals from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Interneuron is often used as a synonym. |
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Term
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Definition
| General term that describes regions of the central nervous system rich in neuronal cell bodies and neuropil; includes the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, the nuclei of the brain, and the central portion of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
Genes expressed in model organisms that are identical or similar to target genes (typically expressed in humans and associated with disease) based on sequence and chromosomal location.
This enables diseases to be modeled in model organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hereditary unit located on the chromosomes; genetic information is carried by linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA that code for corresponding sequences of amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
Innervation of a target cell by axons from more than one neuron.
The number of inputs to a single neuron reflects the degree of convergence. |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
Localized, noninvasive stimulation of cortical neurons through the induction of electrical current by the application of strong, focal magnetic fields.
seems to cause no apparent harm to patients or healthy volunteers |
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Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| Magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task. |
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Term
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Definition
Method of monitoring by optical means the levels of calcium within cells using calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes; calcium dynamics within the cytoplasm of neurons reflect the integration of synaptic inputs and the generation of postsynaptic electrical activity.
This approach records the transient changes in intracellular concentration of calcium ions that are associated with action potential firing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural cell circuits that are not part of the relatively defined sensory (input) and motor (output) systems; they mediate the most complex and least well-defined brain functions that require the integration or association of signals from multiple sensory and/or motor systems. |
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Definition
Neural circuits that process similar types of information make up neural systems that serve broader purposes.
3 general types of neural systems: sensory systems, motor systems, and associational systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuronal processes (typically, much shorter than the axon) arising from the nerve cell body that receive synaptic input. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons or axons that conduct action potentials from the periphery toward the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons or axons that conduct information away from the central nervous system toward the periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three major classes of glial cells found in the central nervous system derived primarily from hematopoietic precursor cells; function as scavenger cells that remove cellular debris from sites of injury or normal cell turnover, and secrete signaling molecules that modulate local inflammatory responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three major classes of glial cells found in the central nervous system; important in maintaining and regulating, in a variety of ways, an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling; also involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the secretion of substances that influence the construction of new synaptic connections, and the proliferation of new cells in the adult brain that retain characteristics of stem cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three major classes of glial cells found in the central nervous system; their major function is to lay down myelin, which facilitates the efficient generation and rapid conduction of action potentials; also produce signaling molecules that modulate growth cone activity in regenerating axons. |
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Term
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Definition
Point-to-point correspondence between neighboring regions of the sensory periphery (e.g., the visual field or the body surface) and neighboring neurons within the central components of the system (e.g., in the brain and spinal cord).
Motor systems also entail topographic representations of movements, although here the direction of information flow is from the CNS to the periphery. |
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Term
| computerized tomography (CT) |
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Definition
| Radiographic procedure in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of cross-sectional X-ray images. |
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Term
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Definition
Recording the electrical potentials in the extracellular space near active neurons. Compare intracellular recording.
Extracellular recording is particularly useful for detecting temporal patterns of action potential activity and relating those patterns to stimulation by other inputs, or to specific behavioral events. |
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Term
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Definition
Recording the potential between the inside and outside of a neuron with a microelectrode. Compare extracellular recording.
Intracellular recording can detect the smaller, graded changes in electrical potential that trigger action potentials, and thus allows a more detailed analysis of communication among neurons within a circuit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals or impulses that travel “backward,” e.g., from the axon terminal toward the cell body, or from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic terminal, or from the periphery to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals or impulses that travel “forward,” e.g., from the cell body to the axon terminal, from the presynaptic terminal to the postsynaptic cell, or from the CNS to the periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, trans-encoding RNA that combines with a specific guide RNA species to form an RNA duplex, which then acts to guide a bacterial excision/repair enzyme (endonuclease Cas9) to a genomic location targeted for excision. Following Following Cas9 excision, the DNA may be repaired by non-homologous end joining, yielding a microdeletion mutation; alternatively, a donor DNA sequence can be inserted following Cas9 cleavage via a mechanism similar to homologous recombination. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter molecule (neurotransmitters) |
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Definition
| Substances released by synaptic terminals for the purpose of transmitting information from one cell (the presynaptic cell) to another (the postsynaptic cell). |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapses that transmit information via the direct flow of electrical current at gap junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapses that transmit information via the secretion of chemical signals (neurotransmitters). |
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Term
| interneuron aka local circuit neuron |
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Definition
| Technically, a neuron in the pathway between primary sensory and primary effector neurons; more generally, a neuron whose relatively short axons branch locally to innervate other neurons. Also known as local circuit neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
Term used to describe an elongated gray matter structure (e.g., the motor neuronal pool in the ventral horn of the spinal cord that innervates a muscle) or a subdivision of white matter (e.g., a region of white matter in the spinal cord containing long axon tracts).
The sensory tracts of the dorsal spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| The analysis of the relationship between single genes and the phenotypes to which each gene contributes. |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord of vertebrates (by analogy, the central nerve cord and ganglia of invertebrates). |
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Definition
The branching of a single axon to innervate multiple target cells.
The number of targets innervated by any one neuron represents its divergence. |
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Term
| somatic motor division (system) |
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Definition
| The components of the motor system that support skeletal movements mediated by the contraction of skeletal muscles that are derived from embryonic somites or somitomeres. |
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Term
| autonomic motor division (system) aka visceral motor division (system) |
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Definition
| The components of the nervous system (peripheral and central) concerned with the regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; organized anatomically and physiologically into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. |
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Term
| visceral motor division (system) aka autonomic motor division (system) |
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Definition
The components of the nervous system (peripheral and central) concerned with the regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; organized anatomically and physiologically into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions.
visceral organs,
including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and
PURVES : Neuroscience 6e
Figure: 0112
7.21.17
Central
nervous system
Peripheral
nervous system
(A) (B)
Sensory
components
Sensory ganglia
and nerves
Sensory receptors
(at surface and
within the body)
Smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles,
and glands
Skeletal (striated)
muscles
Effectors
Internal
and
external
environment
Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon,
cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord
(analysis and integration of
sensory and motor information)
(sympathetic,
parasympathetic,
and enteric
divisions)
Visceral
motor system
Somatic
motor system
Autonomic
ganglia
and nerves
Motor nerves
Central
nervous system
Peripheral
nervous system
Motor
components
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Brain
Spinal cord
FIGURE 1.12 The major anatomical components of
the nervous system and their functional relationships.
(A) The CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (spinal and
cranial nerves). (B) Diagram of the major components of the
CNS and PNS and their functional relationships. Stimuli from
the environment convey information to processing circuits in
the brain and spinal cord, which in turn interpret their significance
and send signals to peripheral effectors that move the
body and adjust the workings of its internal organs.
Controls the visceral organs,
including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and genitalia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The comprehensive analysis of nuclear DNA sequences within or between species or individuals. This has provided insight into how nuclear DNA helps determine the assembly and operation of the brain and the rest of the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dense tangle of axonal and dendritic branches, the synapses between them, and associated glia cell processes that lies between neuronal cell bodies in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The electrical signal generated and conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which information is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system (or within muscle fibers). |
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Term
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Definition
| The field of neuroscience devoted to studying and understanding cognitive functions such as perception, language, emotions, memory, and consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The field of study devoted to using evolutionary and comparative approaches for observing complex behaviors of animals in their native environments (e.g., social communication in birds and non-human primates) and inferring underlying mechanisms for nervous system regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The method of observing and documenting change in function following damage (lesion) of a distinct brain region, nerve, or tract; damage may be acquired in humans or induced experimentally in non-human models; predominant method of studying the human nervous system prior to the advent of modern neurophysiological and brain imaging tools. |
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Term
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Definition
| The multilaminated wrapping around many axons formed by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neuronal process (typically, much longer than any dendrite) that conveys the action potential from the nerve cell body to its terminals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The segmental sensory ganglia of the spinal cord; they contain the cell bodies of the first-order neurons of all somatic sensory and visceral sensory pathways arising in the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensory ganglia associated with the cranial nerves; these correspond to the dorsal root ganglia of the segmental nerves of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| electroencephalography (EEG) |
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Definition
| The study of electrical potentials generated in the brain recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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Term
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Definition
| The superficial mantle of gray matter (a sheet-like array of nerve cells) covering the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum, where most of the neurons in the brain are located. |
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Term
| Glia (glial cells) aka neuroglia |
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Definition
| The support cells associated with neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells in the central nervous system; Schwann cells in peripheral nerves; and satellite cells in ganglia). |
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Term
| neuroglia aka glial cells |
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Definition
| The support cells associated with neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells in the central nervous system; Schwann cells in peripheral nerves; and satellite cells in ganglia). |
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Term
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Definition
The use of genetic tools to induce neurons to become sensitive to light, such that experimenters can excite or inhibit a cell by exposing it to light.
Three bacterial opsins have been used to modify neuronal excitability: bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and channelrhodopsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically, a protein that, in response to light of the proper wavelength, opens a channel that is permeable to cations; when engineered into a neuron for optogenetics, it depolarizes the neuron when exposed to light; anion-conducting channelrhodopsins have also been discovered, which would have inhibitory effects when activated in mature neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
Variable messenger RNA transcripts derived from the same gene that are typically produced by including or excluding certain exons from a gene; the result of such alternative splicing is the production of a diverse set of related protein products.
This adds diversity by allowing a single gene to encode information for a variety of related protein products. |
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Term
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Definition
Visceral motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord—the so-called preganglionic neurons—form synapses with peripheral motor neurons that lie in the autonomic ganglia.
The peripheral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia innervate smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle, thus controlling most involuntary (visceral) behavior.
My guess is ganglia in the autonomic nervous system; verify. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies arranged in layers of differing densities |
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Term
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Definition
| essentially techniques to image functions in the brain, such as positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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Term
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Definition
| had gene introduced or activated |
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Term
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Definition
| had gene removed or silenced |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the mRNA that is retained in the mature mRNA after splicing |
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Term
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Definition
| provide “higher-order” brain functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, and thinking, all of which fall under the rubric of cognition |
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Term
| antibody staining/labeling |
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Definition
recognizes specific proteins in different regions of a nerve cell, or molecular differences in classes of nerve cells.
uses highly specific antibodies to show distribution of certain proteins within a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| report information about the state of the organism and its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of pre-mRNA that gets spliced out and does not get retained in the mature mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex structure of neurons and glial cells in the head |
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Term
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Definition
| tracing neural connections from terminus to their source |
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Term
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Definition
| tracing neural connections from their source to their termination |
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