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the philosophy of the science of behavior; there are various forms: methodological and radical. Basic research=EAB Experimental analysis of behavior; developing a technology for improving behavior = ABA
Primarily concerned with theoretical & conceptual issues |
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| "the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a will-nilly, accidental fashion" |
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| "the objective observation of the phenomena of interest; objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientist |
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| a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (dependent variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent variable) differs from one condition to another. |
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| Experimental Analysis of Behavior |
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"a natural science approach to the study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded by B.F. Skinner; methodological features include rate of response as a basic dependent variable, repeated or continuous measurement of clearly defined response class, within-subject experimental comparisons instead of group design, visual analysis of graphed data instead of statistical inference, and an emphasis on describing functional relations between behavior and controlling variables in the environment over formal theory testing"
Basic research branch, human and nonhuman. fundamental principles of behavior. |
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| "a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon such as ""intelligence"" or ""cognitive awareness"" as explanations for why an organism pushes the lever when the light is on and food is available but does not push the lever when the light is off and not food is available." |
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| "a verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment (or group of related experiments) that describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (DV) can be produced by manipulating another event (ID), and that change in the DV was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables); in behavior analysis expressed as b=f(x1)(x2) (b = behavior, x = environmental variable of which behavior is a function)" |
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| "a presumed but unobserved process or entity eg. Freud's id, ego, and superego" cannot be manipulated in an experiment. Theoretical terms that refer to a possibly existing but at the moment unobserved process or entity. |
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| "an approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or ""inner"" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if not at all." |
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| Methodological Behaviorism |
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| a philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as an outside realm of science |
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| "the practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations, experimentally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations" |
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| an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned |
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| "a thoroughgoing and far-reaching form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny)." philosophical position underlying behavior analysis |
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| "(a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity (b) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors" |
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| "a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena (as evidenced by description, prediction, and control) that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as a requirement for believability, parsimony as a value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience." |
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| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) |
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| the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior |
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| the philosophy of the science of behavior |
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| The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to or as a result of other events. Scientist first assumes lawfulness and then looks for lawful relations. |
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| the objective observation of the phenomena of interest, objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientists...results are objective in that they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the individual scientist" |
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| a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest under 2+ different conditions in which only one factor at a time differs from one condition to another |
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| describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (the dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (the independent variable), and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables) |
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| When a well-controlled experiment reveals that a specific change in one event (The dependent variable) can reliably be producted by specific manipulations of another event (the independent variable) and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (cofounding variables) |
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| the philosophy of the science of behavior |
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| The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli. Pavlovian, classical. Responses are elicited by stimuli that immediately precede them. Involuntary. Occur whenever the eliciting stimulus is presented. Reflexive |
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| a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits; both UR and CR; protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism, and promote reproduction |
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| Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences. Three-term contingency. Behavior is changed by the consequences that immediately follow it. |
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| a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon in claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon (i.e. intelligence) |
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| Covert events typically accessible only to the person experiencing them. A) behavior B) behavior that takes place within the skin is distinguished from other (public) behavior only by its inaccessibility c) influenced by the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior |
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| Socially significant behavior change. Improve daily life. |
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| Behavioral (7 dimensions) |
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| 1. Study OF behavior, not about. 2. measurable. 3. Who's behavior was changed? IOA |
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| Demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the behavior (a functional relation is demonstrated). |
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| 2 meanings (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation (i.e. when a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment AND (b) the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the IV by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying its value, and also eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables |
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| Technological (7 dimensions) |
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| Written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently identified and described to enable others to replicate it |
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| Conceptually Systematic (7 Dimensions) |
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| Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior |
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| Improvements in behavior must reach clinical or social significance. Effect the reasons those behaviors were originally selected for change. |
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| Generality (7 dimensions) |
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| Behavior change lasts over time, seen in other environments, or effects other behaviors (untrained) |
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