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| total of genetic material of an organism |
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| What shape are bacterial chromosome? |
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| What is the shape of eukaryotic chromosomes? |
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| Chromosomes are subdivided into |
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| Fundamental unit of heredity resonsible for a given trait |
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| 3 basic categories of genes |
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Definition
Structural Genes (proteins)
Code for RNA
Regulatory genes (gene expression)
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| All types of genes that constitute the genetic makeup is called |
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| The expression of the genotype creates observable traits called |
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| Basic unit of DNA stucture |
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deoxyribose (sugar)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base : ATCG |
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| The backbone of nucleotide |
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# of bonds between A & T in DNA
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| # of bonds between C & G in DNA |
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| _____ unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix |
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______ adds nucleotides during DNA Replication.
2 types: |
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Definition
DNA polymerase III
- leading strand
- lagging strand |
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| ______ links DNA fragments during DNA replication |
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| Term used to describe DNA replication b/c each chromosome ends up with a new and old DNA |
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| Info transfer from DNA to RNA molecules |
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| Info contained in RNA used to produce protein |
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| 1 amino acid = ____ nucleotides on RNA |
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| A protein's structure determines... |
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| initiation, elongation, termination |
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| Start codon (AUG); tRNA molecules matches it's anticodon to codon of mRNA |
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| intervening non-coding DNA segments in mRNA transcription segments |
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| A set of genes that regulate when genes need to be activated |
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| Inducible operons & repressible operons |
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| Operon turned ON by substrate |
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| operons that are turned OFF by substrates; generally ON but turned off when there's enough |
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| change in phenotype due to change in genotype |
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| natural, nonmutated characteristic |
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| Cause of mutations (2 types) |
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| Spontaneous mutations & Induced mutations |
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| random change in DNA due to error in replication |
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| result from exposure to known Mutagens |
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| causes "induced mutation" thru physical or chemical agents |
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| Categories of Mutations: Large mutations? |
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Definition
| whole DNA segments are gained / lost |
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| Categories of Mutations: Point Mutations? |
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Definition
| addition, deletion, substitution of few bases |
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| Categories of Mutations: Missense mutation? |
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Definition
| change in single amino acid |
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| Categories of Mutations: nonsense mutation? |
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Definition
| change normal codon to stop codon |
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| Categories of Mutations: Silent Mutation? |
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Definition
| alters a base but doesn't change amino acid |
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| Categories of Mutations: Back-mutation? |
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Definition
| mutated gene reverses to its original base composition |
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