Term
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Definition
| the fundamental functional unit of the nervous system |
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Definition
| filled with cytoplasm and contains processes, including the nucleus, that support the metabolic demands of the cell |
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Definition
| multiple, branched extensions of the cell body that transmit impulses to the cell body |
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Definition
| carry impulses away from the cell body |
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Term
| Sensory neurons (aka: afferent neurons) |
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Definition
| carry impulses from receptors in the periphery to the brain and spinal cord in the CNS |
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| Motor neurons (aka: efferent neurons) |
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Definition
| carry signals away from the spinal cord and brain to targets in the body that regulate activity |
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Definition
| most abundant neuron type; provide connections between neurons, transmitting signals between afferent and efferent neurons |
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Definition
| neural support cells; provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, and form the myelin that covers the neurons of the brain |
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Definition
| contains: glial cells [containing: oligodendroglia (aka: oligodendrocytes), astroglia (aka: astrocytes), and microglia] and ependymal cells |
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Definition
| control myelin production and maintenance; they promote the speed of nerve impulse conduction in the CNS |
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Definition
| provide transport mechanisms for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and metabolites between blood vessels and neurons; stimulate phagocytosis; provide support to neural structures |
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Definition
| control phagocytosis of injured or damaged cells |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| contain schwann cells and satellite cells |
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Definition
| line the ventricular system |
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Definition
| stimulate myelin production and maintenance |
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Definition
| provide physical support of neurons |
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Definition
| interrupt the myelin sheath; rich in sodium channels and are necessary to promote the movement of the nerve impulse over long distances; |
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Definition
| the process of impulses traveling down the axon jump from node to node in a stepwise fashion |
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Definition
| the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell |
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Definition
| electrical signals that allow neurons to communicate with other neurons and cells in the body; they travel along the entire neuron by allowing charged ions to flow through the channels in the semipermeable membrane around the nerve cell |
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Definition
| a condition in the excitable cell when the intracellular compartment is more negative than the extracellular space |
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Definition
| the point at which the cell is committed to an action potential |
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Definition
| the point at which the axon is joined by the cell body |
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Definition
| structure that stores current |
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Term
| resting membrane potential (RMP) |
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Definition
| the membrane potential of a cell at rest |
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Definition
| the result of rapid movement of sodium into the cell through sodium channels in the cell membrane; |
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Definition
| the result of movement of potassium ions out of the cell |
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Definition
| small gap or junction that separates neurons; this is where information flows from one neuron to another neuron |
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Definition
| transmit impulses by passage of current-carrying ions through small openings or gap junctions |
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Definition
| transmit impulses across a small gap between cells via stimulation of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| chemical agents affecting the function of another nearby cell or cells |
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Definition
| contain neurotransmitters packaged in vesicles, mitochondria, and other cellular organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| release of neurotransmitters permits diffusion of these neurotransmitters into |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters released from vesicles at the synaptic cleft are then available to bind with specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, promoting excitation or inhibition of the |
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Definition
| changes membrane potential toward the point of threshold potential (less negative), promoting excitability=impulse or neuron firing |
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Definition
| has the opposite effect of moving the membrane potential away from threshold (more negative), promoting an inhibitory effect |
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Definition
| chemical released from the axon terminals, which inhibits, potentiates, or prolongs, effects of neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| the swelling of a neuron because of injury |
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Definition
| decrease in size of cell (neuron) |
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Definition
| phagocytosis and the inflammatory responses caused by a dead neuron damaging neighboring cells |
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Definition
| distinctive structures formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm |
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Definition
| comprised of brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| receives and processes sensory information, initiating and coordinating motor responses |
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Definition
| conducts sensory information from the PNS and motor information from muscle to brain for processing |
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Definition
| refers to voluntary nervous control in skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Visceral and autonomic nervous systems |
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Definition
| regulate involuntary nervous control |
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Definition
| 4 lobes: separated by fissures, and irregular convolutions on the surface and have specialized functions |
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Definition
| reasoning, planning, speech, and movement |
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Definition
| perception of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain |
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Definition
| perception, memory, and recognition of auditory stimuli |
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Definition
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Definition
| divide the brain in two halves; the right and left hemisphere communicate with each other through bundle of nerve fibers known as the CORPUS CALLOSUM |
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Definition
| speech and language, calculations, math, logical abilities |
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Definition
| visual imagery, face recognition, music, spacial abilities |
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Definition
| primarily comprised of cell bodies; and is the tissue for the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and thalamus |
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Definition
| tissue comprised primarily of myelinated axons and dendrites; all other brain structures |
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Definition
| serves as the main pathway for communication of messages and impulses from the periphery to the brain; it also is central to the control of reflex responses |
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Definition
| extensions of nerves in the spinal cord extending below the sacral level through the exit of the vertebral column |
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Definition
| posterior extensions; contain sensory neurons that receive afferent impulses via the dorsal roots |
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Definition
| anterior extensions; contain efferent motor neurons that leave the cord through the ventral roots |
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Term
| upper motor neurons (UMN) |
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Definition
| include cell bodies in the motor cortex and the axons extending to the brainstem and spinal cord |
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Term
| lower motor neurons (LMN) |
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Definition
| located in the ventral horns of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| controls voluntary movement; extends from the sensorimotor areas of the brain to the motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| in the basal ganglia; motor function; fine-tunes and stabilizes movement |
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Definition
| reduced permeability of capillaries in the brain to protect against exposure to potentially hazardous substances |
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Term
| cerebrovascular circulation |
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Definition
| perfuses the brain; contains the circle of willis |
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Term
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Definition
| membranes surrounding the brain and the spinal cord of the CNS; contains cerebral spinal fluid; includes the pia, arachnoid, and dura mater |
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Term
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| fluid bathing the surface of the CNS structures of the brain and spinal cord; flows through four fluid-filled interconnecting ventricles in the brain |
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Definition
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Definition
| area of passage of the CSF between the lateral to the third ventricle; aka Foramen of Monro |
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Definition
| connecting point of the third and fourth ventricles; aka Aqueduct of Slyvius |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| connects CNS to limbs and organs, transmitting neural impulses via sensory pathways into the dorsal horn and extending motor pathways beyond the ventral horn |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| controls involuntary functions of organs; divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic NS |
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Definition
| group of nerve cell bodies |
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Definition
| axon fibers extending from cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord to a group of nerve cell bodies |
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Definition
| axons fibers projecting from an autonomic group of nerve cell bodies to a target organ |
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Definition
| particular body regions where spinal nerves carry info to and from |
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Definition
| interconnection of fibers where spinal nerves form together |
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Term
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Definition
| short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; spinal cord exit sites located between T1 and L2; main job: worry about perfusion to the heart and the brain |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
Increased heart rate, contractility, blood pressure, respiratory rate
Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
Vascular smooth muscle constriction
Decreased constriction of bladder and peristalsis of gastrointestinal smooth muscle
Constriction of anal and bladder sphincter |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers; exit sites: cranial nerves between midbrain and medulla AND spinal nerves between S2 AND S4
Decreased heart rate, contractility, blood pressure, respiratory rate
Bronchial smooth muscle constriction
Vascular smooth muscle relaxation
Increased constriction of bladder and peristalsis of gastrointestinal smooth muscle
Relaxation of anal and bladder sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the process by which stimuli are received and interpreted, and in-turn stimulate a response |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a glial scar caused by proliferation of astrocytes in response to local tissue injury |
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Definition
| structures formed by the union of microglia and astrocytes |
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Definition
| problem of nerve degeneration and to damage to cell body resulting in delayed nerve conduction and impaired sensory function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| MVA, falls, sports-related, shaken baby syndrome, |
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Term
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Definition
| head strikes a hard surface or is struck by a rapidly moving object; is an example of a CLOSED HEAD INJURY |
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Definition
| involves exposure of brain structures to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal sensation like: burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling |
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Definition
| paralysis of all four extremities |
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Term
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Definition
| when there's not enough perfusion to the brain resulting in impaired oxygenation |
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Term
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Definition
| when there isn't enough blood supply to meet the needs of the brain tissue |
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Definition
| opposite; when injury occurs: the S/S shown depend on what side of the brain the injury occurred on |
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Term
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Definition
| main excitatory neurotransmitter in the body, active on the promotion of many higher-order functions |
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Term
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Definition
| extensor; everything is extended |
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Term
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Definition
| flexor; elbows, wrist, fingers are flexed; everything comes in |
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Definition
| when injury affects the cells in distal areas of the body, like: hands and feet |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the cell body; cannot regenerate these cells |
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Term
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Definition
| when degeneration of the axon is caused by a crushing injury |
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Definition
| S/S caused from damage to peripheral nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve trauma limited to single area |
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Definition
| peripheral damage involving multiple axons |
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Definition
| trauma to the brachial nerve plexus resulting in flaccid paralysis of the affected arm |
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Term
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Definition
| usually temporary; relaxed, without tone |
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Term
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Definition
| group of disorders resulting from damage to UMNs. Symptoms: during the first few years of life; damage occurs during prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods |
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Term
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Definition
| central control of movement altered; cause UNK; classified by type of motor dysfunction or anatomy affected |
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Term
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Definition
| inability of muscles to relax |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to control muscle movement |
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Definition
| inability to control balance and coordination |
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Definition
| involving one arm or one leg on the same side of the body |
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Definition
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Definition
| involving all four extremities, the trunk, and neck muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| limited fine motor skills; lack of coordination and balance; impaired cognitive function; speech disorder; seizure disorder |
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Definition
| state of continuous muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid successions of alternating muscle contraction and relaxation |
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Definition
| physical state after recovery from seizure; manifested by extreme fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| H&P; neuro exams; identifying developmental milestones |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| no cure; supportive tx: pharmacology and assistive devices |
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Term
| Drugs to control seizures |
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Definition
| dilantin, tegretol, depakote, neurontin, lamictal, and topamax |
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Term
| Drugs to reduce muscle spasms |
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Definition
| valium, lioresal, and dantrium |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease of the CNS neurons and is characterized by the degeneration of myelin, a process known as DEMYELINATION |
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Term
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Definition
| is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting nerves in the CNS and peripheral nervous system; cause UNK; |
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Term
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Definition
white women of northern european ancestry; aged 20-40 yo
family hx; triggering event; autoimmunity; and regional variation |
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Definition
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Definition
| r/t slowing of nerve conduction impulses down the nerve axon. |
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Definition
| Relapsing-remitting; primary progressive; secondary progressive; progressive relapsing |
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Term
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Definition
| periods of acute neurologic symptoms (flare ups, exacerbations, relapses) alternating with periods of symptom relief or return of neurologic function (remissions) |
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Term
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Definition
| slow, chronic deterioration of neurological function not associated with exacerbations or remissions |
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Term
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Definition
| initially presenting with RR characteristics of exacerbations and remissions, followed by a pattern of slow, chronic deterioration as seen in primary progressive |
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Term
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Definition
| steady progression of a decline in neurologic function also r/t exacerbations and possible remissions |
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Definition
| uncontrollable laughing or crying because of altered control of emotional responsiveness |
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Definition
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Definition
| no cure; disease-modifying drugs: target symptoms and delay progression of the disease; immunosuppressants; |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| beta interferon; Copaxone (mimics the effects of myelin) for RR; Novantrone: primary tx for advanced or chronic MS |
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Term
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Definition
| balanced rest and activity; assistive devices |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of increased ventricular accumulation of CSF; can be congenital or acquired |
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Term
| Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| Imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and the rate of fluid reabsorption, the accumulation of CSF leads to ventricular enlargement and increased intracranial pressure |
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Term
| noncommunicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
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Term
| communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intraventricular hemorrhage; neural tube defects; brain tumor; meningitis; traumatic injury; CSF flow obstruction; and Impaired CSF absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Age-dependent: infants and older children/adults |
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Term
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Definition
Enlarged head with bulging fontanels
Scalp vein distention
Difficulty feeding
High, shrill cry |
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired motor and cognitive function |
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Term
| Increased intracranial pressure results in |
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Definition
Increased blood pressure
Altered heart rate
Headache
Vomiting
Decreased level of consciousness
Papilledema |
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Term
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Definition
| Head circumference measurement; transillumination; imaging studies |
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Term
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Definition
| shinging a light against the head to see accumulations of fluid in the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Goal: establish and maintain normal CSF volumes and pressure |
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Term
| Ventriculoperitoneal shunt |
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Definition
| flexible tube placed into the ventricle to shunt excess CSF into the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| shunt that drains CSF into the right atrium of the heart |
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Term
| Endoscopic third ventriculostomy |
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Definition
| surgical placement of an opening in the floor of the third ventricle to allow free-flowing release of CSF into the basal cistern for absorption; best tx for communicating hydrocephalus |
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Term
| Incomplete spinal cord transection |
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Definition
| due to nerve root or myelinated tract damage, impairing the transduction of afferent or efferent neural impulses; it is a spinal cord injury altering neuronal transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| sensation and motor functions below the level of injury are lost |
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Term
| partial cord transections categories |
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Definition
| central cord, anterior cord, and Brown-Sequard snydrome |
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Term
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Definition
| vary depending on the level of injury and what nerves are involved |
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Term
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Definition
| injuries to the cervical spine |
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Term
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Definition
| injuries at the thoracic level |
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Term
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Definition
| central cord damaged by hyperextension injury resulting in loss of motor power and sensation in the upper extremities; bladder dysfunction of variable severity |
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Term
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Definition
anterior cord is affected because of 1. occlusion of the anterior spinal artery resulting in loss of motor function, temperature, and pain below the level of injury
2. bone fragments resulting in sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, and position intact |
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Term
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Definition
hemisection of the anterior and posterior cord is stabbed or takes a gunshot with damage localized only to one side of the cord resulting in ipsilateral (same side) complete or partial paralysis, loss of touch, pressure, vibration, and positions sense below the level of injury
localized temperature sensations contralaterally |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical exam: cognitive function, motor function, and sensory function AND Imaging studies |
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Term
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Definition
| Traction (immobilize the spine), Anti-Inflammatory meds, Promote functional abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Corticosteriods reduce inflammation in HIGH doses, |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of altered mood, also referred to as an affective disorder; it also involves altered thoughts and somatic complaints |
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Term
| Pathophysiology of depression |
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Definition
| altered neuronal communication die to deficiency of neurotransmitter amount or function in synapses of critical areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors involved in detection of chemicals to regulate the cell's own function |
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Term
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Definition
| class of neurotransmitters including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| altered mood, vegetative, cognitive, impulse control, behavioral, physical (somatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| according to the DSM-IV criteria, major depressive episode must include > or = 5 symptoms w/n 2-week period |
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Term
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Definition
| counseling, psychotherapy, and pharmacologic |
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Term
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Definition
| SSRIs, SNRIs, NDRIs, TCAs, MAOIs |
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