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Ch.9 Language and Thinking
For the third unit test.
50
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/20/2013

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Cards

Term
Mental Representation
Definition
images, ideas, concepts and principles
Term
Language
Definition
consists of a system of symbols and rules for combining these symbols in ways that can generate an infinite number of possible messages and meanings
Term
Psycholinguistics
Definition
the scientific study of the psychological aspects of language
Term
Grammar
Definition
a set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication
Term
Syntax
Definition
rules that govern the order of words
Term
Semantics
Definition
the meaning of words and sentences
Term
Generativity
Definition
the symbols of language can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have novel meaning
Term
Displacement
Definition
refers to the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present
Term
Surface structure
Definition
consists of the symbols that are used and their order
Term
Deep structure
Definition
refers to the underlying meaning of the combined symbols
Term
Phoneme
Definition
the smallest unit of language that can signal a difference in meaning
Term
Morphemes
Definition
the smallest units of meaning in a language (many phonemes combined)
Term
Discourse
Definition
sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books, conversations, and so forth
Term
Bottom-Up Processing
Definition
individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations
Term
Speech Segmentation
Definition
perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends
Term
Pragmatics
Definition
a knowledge of the practical aspects of using language
Term
Where is Broca's Area, and what is it involved in?
Definition
left hemisphere front lobe, word production and articulation
Term
Where is Wernicke's area, and what is it involved in?
Definition
rear portion of the temporal lobe, speech comprehension
Term
Aphasia
Definition
an impairment in speech comprehension and/or production (permanent or temporary)
Term
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Definition
an innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatical rules common to all languages
Term
Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
Definition
factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language
Term
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Definition
language not only influences but also determines what we are capable of thinking
Term
Propositional Thought
Definition
expresses a proposition or statement
'im hungry'
'it's almost time for dinner'
Term
Imaginal Thought
Definition
consists of images that we can see, hear, or feel in our mind
Term
Motoric Thought
Definition
relates to mental representations of motor movements such as throwing an object
Term
Propositions
Definition
statements that express ideas
Term
Concepts
Definition
basic units of semantic memory-mental categories into which we place objects, activities, abstractions, and events that have essential features in common
Term
Prototypes
Definition
the most typical and familiar members of a category or a class
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
reason from the top down
begin with a set of premises and determine what the premise implies about the situation
Term
Inductive Reasoning
Definition

reason from the bottom up

discover general principles or laws as a result of observing a number of specific instances of a phenomenon

Term
Belief Bias
Definition
the tendancy to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs
Term
Framing
Definition
the idea that the same information, problem, or options can be structured and presented in different ways
Term
Mental Set
Definition
the tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past
Term
Problem-Solving Schemas
Definition
mental blueprints or step-by-step scripts for selecting information and solving specialized classes of problems
Term
Algorithms
Definition
formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions
Term
Heuristics
Definition
general problem solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations
Term
Means-ends Analysis
Definition
identify differences between the present situation and the desired state, or goal, and then make changes that will reduce these differences
Term
Sub-goal Analysis
Definition
formulating subgoals or intermediate steps, towards a solution
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
Definition
infer how closely something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept, or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class
Term
Divergent Thinking
Definition
generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm
Term
Creativity
Definition
the ability to produce something that is both new and valuable
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
the tendency to be so fixed in their perception of the proper function of an object or a procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it
Term
Incubation
Definition
creative solutions to problems pop into our minds in a flash of insight when we have temporarily given up and put the problem aside
Term
Schema
Definition
mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world
Term
Script
Definition
mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order
Term
Wisdom
Definition
a system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life
Term
Mental Image
Definition
a representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory input
Term
Metacognition
Definition
refers to your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities
Term
Metamemory
Definition
represents your awareness and knowledge of your memory capabilities
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