Term
| stable baseline responding |
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Definition
| In a multiple baseline design, simultaneous baseline measurement is begun on two or more behaviors. After _____ has been achieved the independent variable is applied to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s). |
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Term
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Definition
| After maximum change has been noted in the first behavior, the independent variable is applied in _____ to the other behaviors in the design. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental control is demonstrated in a multiple baseline design by each behavior changing when, and only when, the _____ is applied. |
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Term
| Three Basic Forms of Multiple Baseline Design |
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Definition
(A) - a multiple baseline across behaviors design consisting of two or more different behaviors of the same subject;
(B) - a multiple baseline across settings design consisting of the same behavior of the same subject in two or more different settings;
(C) - a multiple baseline across subjects design consisting of the same behavior of two or more different participants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ design is effective for evaluating the effects of instruction on skill sequences in which it is highly unlikely that the subject's performance on later steps in the sequence can improve without instruction or mastery of the earlier steps in the chain. |
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Term
| prolonged baseline measurement |
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Definition
| The multiple probe design is also appropriate for situations in which _____ may prove reactive, impractical, or too costly. |
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Term
| intermittent measurements |
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Definition
| In a multiple prove design, _____, or probes are taken on all of the behaviors in the design at the outset of the experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thereafter, probes are taken each time the subject has achieved _____ of one of the behaviors or skills in the sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Just prior to instruction on each behavior, a series of true baseline measures are taken until _____ is achieved. |
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Term
| The delayed multiple baseline design provides an analytic tactic in situations which |
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Definition
(A) - a planned reversal design is no longer desirable or possible;
(B) - limited resources preclude a full-scale multiple baseline design;
(C) - a new behavior, setting, or subject appropriate for a multiple baseline analysis becomes available. |
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Term
| delayed multiple baseline |
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Definition
| In a _____ design, baseline measurement of subsequent behaviors is begun sometime after baseline measurement was begun on earlier behaviors in the design. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only baselines begun while earlier behaviors in the design are still under baseline conditions can be used to _____ made for the earlier behaviors. |
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Term
| Limitations of Delayed Multiple Baseline Design |
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Definition
(a) - having to wait too long to modify certain behaviors
(b) - a tendency for baseline phases to contain too few data points
(c) - the fact that baselines begun after the independent variable has been applied to earlier behaviors in the design can mask the interdependence (co-variation) of behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors comprising multiple baseline designs should be _____ of one another (i.e., they do not covary) and should share a reasonable likelihood that each will change when the independent variable is applied to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors selected for a multiple baseline design must be measured _____ and must have an equal opportunity of being influenced by the same set of relevant variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a multiple baseline design, the independent variable should not be applied to the next behavior until the previous behavior has _____ and a sufficient period of time has elapsed to detect any effects on behaviors still in baseline conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ of the baseline phases for the different behaviors comprising a multiple baseline design should vary significantly. |
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Term
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Definition
| All other things being equal, the independent variable should be applied first to the behavior showing the _____ level of baseline responding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducting a reversal phase in one or more tiers of a multiple baseline design can _____ the demonstration of a functional relation. |
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Term
| Advantages of the Multiple Baseline Design |
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Definition
(a) - it does not require withdrawing a seemingly effective treatment.
(b) - sequential implementation of the independent variable parallels the practice of many teachers and clinicians whose task is to change multiple behaviors in different settings/or subjects.
(c) - the concurrent measurement of multiple behaviors allows direct monitoring of generalization of behavior change
(d) - the design is relatively easy to conceptualize and implement. |
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Term
| Limitations of the multiple baseline design |
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Definition
(a) - if two or more behaviors in the design covary, the multiple baseline design may not demonstrate a functional relation even though one exists
(b) - because verification must be inferred from the lack of change in other behaviors, the multiple baseline design is inherently weaker than the reversal design in showing experimental control between the independent variable and a given behavior.
(c) - the multiple baseline design is more an evaluation of the independent variable's general effectiveness than an analysis of the behaviors involved in the design.
(d) - conducting a multiple baseline design experiment requires considerable time and resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The changing criterion design can be used to evaluate the effects of a treatment on the _____ improvement of a behavior already in the subject's repertoire. |
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Term
| Changing Criterion Desgin |
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Definition
| After stable baseline responding has been achieved, the first treatment phase is begun, in which reinforcement (or punishment) is usually contingent on the subject's repertoire. |
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Term
| improved level of performance |
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Definition
| The changing criterion design entails a series of treatment phases, each requiring an _____ over the previous phases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental control is demonstrated in the changing criterion design when the subject's behavior closely _____ to the gradually changing criteria. |
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Term
| Features that determine experimental control in a changing criterion design |
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Definition
(a) - the length of phases
(b) - the magnitude of criterion changes
(c) - the number of criterion changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The believably of the changing criterion design is enhanced if a previous criterion is reinstated and the subject's behavior _____ to the level previously observed under that criterion. |
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Term
| Changing Criterion Desgin |
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Definition
| After stable baseline responding has been achieved, the first treatment phase is begun, in which reinforcement (or punishment) is usually contingent on the subject's repertoire. |
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Term
| improved level of performance |
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Definition
| The changing criterion design entails a series of treatment phases, each requiring an _____ over the previous phases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental control is demonstrated in the changing criterion design when the subject's behavior closely _____ to the gradually changing criteria. |
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Term
| Features that determine experimental control in a changing criterion design |
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Definition
(a) - the length of phases
(b) - the magnitude of criterion changes
(c) - the number of criterion changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The believably of the changing criterion design is enhanced if a previous criterion is reinstated and the subject's behavior _____ to the level previously observed under that criterion. |
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Term
| Advantages of the Changing Criterion Design |
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Definition
(a) - it does not require a withdrawal or reversal of a seemingly effective treatment
(b) - it enables an experimental analysis within the context of a gradually improving behavior, thus complementing the practice of many teachers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limitations of the changing criterion design are that the target behavior must already be in the subject's repertoire, and that incorporating the necessary features of the design may impede _____. |
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