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ch 9 anatomy
ch 9 anatomy
128
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Undergraduate 4
03/05/2013

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Term
t or f the nervous system controls all body functions,maintains homeostasis,and allows the body to respond to many  varities of changing conditions
Definition
true
Term
what are nervous tissues consisted of
Definition
masses of neurons (nerve cells)
Term
what are nerve impulses
Definition
electrochemical changes transmitted by neurons to other neurons and to cells outside the system
Term
t or f dendrites recieve electrochemical signals while axons send out electrochemical signals
Definition
Term
what do bundles of  axons consitute
Definition
nerves
Term
what are the functions of neuroglial cells
Definition
provide insulation,phyiscal support to neurons,and nutrients to neurons
Term
what does the CNS consist of
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
what does the PNS consist of
Definition
peripheral nerves connecting the CNS to other parts of the body
Term
t of f the nervous system can be divided into the CNS and PNS
Definition
true
Term
t or f the PNS can be furthur divided into the sensory and  motor functions
Definition
true
Term
t or f the motor functions can be divided into somatic and autonomic functions
Definition
true
Term
t or f the autonomic nervous system is not under our control and includes the smooth,cardiac,and gland effectors
Definition
true
Term
t or f the somatic nervous system is voluntary and includes skeletal muscle effectors
Definition
true
Term
t or f the autonomic system can be furthur divided into sympathtic and parasympathetic systems
Definition
true
Term
t or f the sympathetic system is the fight or flight system
Definition
true
Term
t or f the parasympathic system includes  the rest and digest
Definition
true
Term
what are sensory receptors
Definition
located at the ends of periphreal and provide the senses for nervous functions
Term
t or f sensory receptors detect changes in the body's internal as well as external environment and relay information
Definition
true
Term
where are effectors located
Definition
they are response structures located outside the nervous system
Term
t or f consciously controlled motor functions are handled by the somatic nervous system
Definition
true
Term
t or f invoulntary effectors are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Definition
true
Term
t or f neuroglia can divide while most neurons cannot
Definition
true
Term
what are astrocytes
Definition
b/t neurons and blood vessels forms the blood brain barrier
Term
what are ependymal cells
Definition
they cover specialized brain parts and form inner linings
Term
t or f microglial cells are found throughout the CNS and are phagocytic
Definition
true
Term
t or f oligodendrocytes are found along nerve fibers
Definition
true
Term
what are schwann cells
Definition
are neuroglial cells in the PNS that form a myelin sheath around axons
Term
t or f astrocytes form the blood brain barrier
Definition
true
Term
t or f neurons vary greatly in size and shape and are similar in structure
Definition
true
Term
what makes up a neuron
Definition
they have a cell body,dendrites,and axons
Term
what are cell bodies made up of
Definition

cell membrane

granular cytoplasm

organelles 

Term
t or f most neurons have an axon arising from the axonal hillock on the cell body
Definition
true
Term
t or f larger axons are enclosed around a myelin sheath that are tightly wound around the axons
Definition
true
Term
what is the neurilemma
Definition
they are the areas around the schwann cells containing most of the cytoplasm and nuclei outside the myelin sheath
Term
what are the nodes of Ranvier
Definition
narrow gaps b/t the Schwann cells
Term
t or f larger axons are enclosed in myelin sheaths that originate from Schwann Cells
Definition
true
Term
t or f an axon with  myelinated sheaths are myelinated
Definition
true
Term
t or f axons that are w/o sheaths are called unmyelinated
Definition
true
Term
t or f groups of myelinated axons are white in color forming white matter
Definition
true
Term
t or f unmyelinated axons form the gray matter
Definition
true
Term
what are sensory (afferent) neurons
Definition
carry nerve impulses from the peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord
Term
what are motor (efferent) neurons
Definition
carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors
Term
what are interneurons (associated or interneuronal)
Definition
they are found inside the brain and spinal cord some of thier cell bodies form masses called nuclei which are similar to ganglia
Term
where are multipolar neurons found
Definition
cell bodies lie within the brain or spinal cord and make up most of the neurons
Term
where are the bipolar neurons found
Definition
exist in specialized parts of the eyes,nose and ears
Term
t or f unipolar neurons often aggregate in specialized ganglia located outside the brain and spinal cord
Definition
true
Term
t or f nerve pathways dont carry nerve impulses
Definition
false
Term
where is a synapse found
Definition
in a junction b/t any  two communicating neurons
Term
t or f the actual gap b/t the two neurons is known as the synaptic cleft
Definition
true
Term
where do neurons communicate b/t the gaps
Definition
synaptic clefts
Term
what are presynaptic neurons
Definition
neurons that carry impulses into a synapse
Term
what are the neurons recieving the impulse called
Definition
postsynaptic neuron
Term
what is synaptic transmission
Definition
the process of the impulse crossing synaptic cleft
Term
t or f neurotransmitters carry the impulses across the synaptic cleft
Definition
true
Term
what are the distal ends of the axons called
Definition
synaptic knobs
Term
what happens when an impulse reaches a synaptic knob
Definition
the synaptic vesicles release a neurotransmitter which either excite or inhibt a postsynaptic cell
Term
t or f the synaptic knobs contain the synaptic vesicles
Definition
true
Term
t or f a cell membrane surface is electrically charged (polarized) compared to its inner contents
Definition
true
Term
why is the cell membrane surface charged
Definition
unequal amounts of positive and negative ions important for the conduction of nerve and muscle impulses
Term
what is an action potential
Definition
a change in neuron membrane polarization and a return to its resting state
Term
t or f action potentials form a nerve impulse propagated along an axon
Definition
true
Term
t or f sodium ions have more outside of them and more potassium ions inside of them
Definition
true
Term
t or f sodium and potassium ions move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration based on permeability
Definition
true
Term
what is it called when there is a a difference of charges
Definition
potential difference
Term
what is resting potential
Definition
the potential difference in a resting nerve cell
Term
t or f when a neurons resting potential decrease what happens
Definition
the neuron becomes depolarized
Term
t or f the amount of change in resting potential is proportional to the amount of the stimulus
Definition
true
Term
t or f the greater the stimulation the greater the depolariztion
Definition
true
Term
what is the threshold potential
Definition
having a  sufficiently amount of depolarized neurons
Term
what happens during an action potential
Definition
sodium channels open and sodium diffues freely inward the membrane becomes depolarized
Term
what happens to the potassium in an action potential
Definition
potassium channels open to allow potassium to diffuse freely outward
Term
t or f during an action potential the inside of the membrane becomes briefly hyperpolarized and then repolarized to its resting state
Definition
true
Term
what are excitatory neurotranmitters
Definition
they increase post synaptic membrane permability to sodium ions
Term
t or f inhibitory neurotransmitters are those that it make it less probably that the threshold will be reached
Definition
true
Term
how many different types of neurotransmitters are there
Definition
50
Term
what are some major neurotransmitters
Definition

acetyycholine

amino acids

monoamines

neuropeptides

gases 

Term
what is convergence in a neuron
Definition
axons that originate from different areas of the nervous system but lead to the same neuron
Term
what is divergence
Definition
impulses that leave a neuron in a neuronal pool
Term
what are sensory nerves
Definition
nerves that conduct impulses to the CNS
Term
what are motor nerves
Definition
they carry impulses to glands or muscles
Term
what are mixed nerves
Definition
consist of both sensory and motor fibers
Term
what is the reflex arc
Definition
simplest type of nerve pathway
Term
t or f the reflex arc is  used for involuntary actions
Definition
true
Term
how do reflex arcs start
Definition
with receptors at the ends of neurons
Term
what does a refelex center consist of
Definition
within the CNS consists of interneurons that communicate with motor neurons
Term
t or f reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli
Definition
true
Term
what is an example of a reflex
Definition
knee jerk reflex uses only 2 neurons
Term
what ligament must be struck for the reflex to occur
Definition
patellar ligament
Term
what is the CNS surrounded by
Definition
bones,fluids,and membranes
Term
t or f the meninges protect the brain and spinal cord
Definition
true
Term
how many layers of the meninges are there
Definition
3 layers
Term
what are the 3 layers of the meninges
Definition

dura matter

arachnoid matter

pia matter

Term

where does the arachnoid matter lie 

 

Definition
thin weblike lies b/t the dura and pia matter
Term
what is b/t the arachnoid and pia matter
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid
Term
the thin pia matter contains what
Definition
blood vessels and nerves that nourish the brain and spinal cord
Term
what is the epidural space
Definition
the membrane around the spinal cord separating it from the vertebrae
Term
what is the spinal cord
Definition
thin column of nerves leading from the brain to the vertebral canal
Term
how many spinal nerves are there
Definition
31
Term
where is the lumbar enlargement found
Definition
in the lower back supplies the nerves to the upper limbs
Term
t or f the spinal cord can be divided into right and left halves by a deep anterior median fissure and a shallow posterior median fissure
Definition
true
Term
t or f the inner core of the spinal cord is made graymatter surrounded by white  matter
Definition
true
Term
what are nerve tracts
Definition
major nerve pathways are made up of long bundles of myelinated nerve fibers
Term
t or f the spinal cord conducts nerve impulses as well as spinal reflexes
Definition
true
Term
how many neurons compose the brain
Definition
100 billion neurons
Term
what parts can the brain be divided into
Definition

cerebrum

diencephalon

brainsteam

cerebellum 

Term
what is the function of the cerebrum
Definition
coordinates sensory and motor functions
Term
t or f the diencephalon processes additional sensory information
Definition
true
Term
t or f the brainstem connects nervous system componets and regulates certain visceral activities
Definition
true
Term
what is the function of the cerebellum
Definition
coordinates voulntary muscular movements
Term
what is the structure of the cerebrum
Definition
it is divided into two large cerebral hemispheres one to the left and one to the right
Term
what is the corpus callosum
Definition
is a deep bridge of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres separted by a layer of dura matter
Term
what is the cerebral cortex
Definition
thin layer of gray matter comprisng the outer portion of the cerebrum
Term
what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex
Definition

frontal

parietal

temporal

occiptal

insula 

Term
t or f the cerebrum also coordinates intellignece and personality
Definition
true
Term
t or f most of the motor areas are located in the frontal lobes
Definition
true
Term
t or f interconnected cavities known as ventricles exist within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
Definition
true
Term
what are the specilized capillaries that secrete and project into the CSF
Definition
choroid plexuses
Term
t or f the diencepahlon is located above the cerebral hemisphere above the midbrain
Definition
true
Term
t or f the diencephalon is composed mostly of gray matter
Definition
true
Term
what is the brain stem
Definition
a bundle of nervous tissue connecting the cerebrum to the spinal cord with many tracts of nerve fibers and several nuclei
Term
t or f the brain stem includes the  midbrain,pons,and medulla oblongata
Definition
true
Term
t or f the medulla oblongata includes the cardiac vasomotor and respiratory centers
Definition
true
Term
t or f the cerebellum is a large mass of tissue below the occiptal lobes of the cerebrum
Definition
true
Term
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there
Definition
12 pairs
Term
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
Definition
31
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